Licenciatura en Física
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/44
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Ítem Diseño de un prototipo de laboratorio de dureza dedicado a la calibración de durómetros, por métodos Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers y ShoreSalinas Perilla, Raúl Alfredo; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarIn Colombia there are no certified laboratories that calibrate industry devices and test laboratories used for the measurement of Hardness (durometers), that is why the National Metrology Institute (INM) together with the United Nations Organization for Industrial Development (UNIDO), conducted a survey of interested parties in the first semester of 2019, whose objective was to identify the needs for the magnitudes of Hardness and Torsional Torque, evidencing the need for a laboratory that provides metrological traceability to the industry, calibration laboratories and test on the magnitude of hardness in Colombia. This project proposes the design and development of a hardness laboratory that intends to offer metrology services for Colombia, which allow direct calibrations to durometers on the scales: Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell and Shore, and that in the medium term should also meet the demands comparison plate certification. That is why this document aims to compile the activities developed in the first phase of this project, in an internship mode regarding the design of the Dureza laboratory prototype for INM, encompassing the study of the regulations and the infrastructure required for these laboratories : necessary equipment, location adjustments, necessary personnel, among others.Ítem Aplicación de la técnica de rayos X por contraste de fase para detección de lesiones mamariasÁvila Sánchez, Angie Viviana; Hurtado Márquez, Alejandro; Ávila Bernal, Carlos ArturoWe present the acquisition of phase contrast images by free propagation and edge illumination techniques, with the aim of differentiating three types of emulated breast lesions in the CIRS015 phantom: microcalcifications, fibrous structures and tumour masses. This work was carried out in collaboration with Universidad de los Andes in the Research Internship modality. The analysis was performed based on the conventional mammography method, comparing the images with two phase contrast methods, by means of the contrast study and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); the images were taken using the Medipix3RX detector. It was found that the contrast in the images was feasibly improved with both phase contrast techniques, however, the signal-to-noise ratio did not present any significant improvement over the conventional technique. The study involves the use of two types of semiconductor sensor for the detector: Silicon and Cadmium Telluride, finding difficulties in recovering the phase signal in the images with the Silicon sensor. Finally, the three techniques are compared analyzing their potential and feasibility of applying the phase contrast technique to the current medical reality.Ítem Estrategias para contribuir en el desarrollo de la capacidad de interpretación para problemas en física de grado décimo Colegio la Merced IEDRuiz Saldaña, Yeimy Johana; Duván Reyes, Jaime; López Contreras, YolandaThis report addresses the didactic proposal and analysis of the internship work carried out at the Merced IED school, located in the city of Bogotá, Colombia, tenth grade students tomorrow, the work was carried out in the first half of 2019 , aimed at contributing to the development of the ability to interpret Physics problems, means the possibility that students find meaning to what they will learn, since a tangible link is established between a concept and physical processesÍtem Propuesta metodológica de evaluación de un recurso educativo en TICParrado Carrillo, Katherine Julieth; Salamanca Bernal, Julián AndrésThe present monography shows of a methodological design of evaluation where are established some parameters that you specify criteria, that allow to make a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of a resource and to identify if this can be incorporated within a framework of scientific and technological alfabetitation, and in additional to be able to improve the academic production of this type of resources. This tool was implemented in the resource titled "Design of an educational resource oriented to teachers and researchers in training for the area of science and engineering fot the physical study of an interface control system rs232 of a 12 V DC electric motor" developed by Andres López, obtaining the evaluation of this resource.Ítem Diseño y construcción de un "SUMOBOT" desde un punto de vista transdisciplinarBeltrán Espitia, Henry; Flórez Perez, José ManuelThe work conforms to chapter seven of agreement 038 in what corresponds to the modality of creative product grade works, is divided into six chapters, namely: proposal creative, methodology of the creative proposal, presentation of the results, analysis of the results, evaluation and fulfillment of results and conclusions. In the first chapter, all the information that led to the approval of the degree project is presented, such as the problem statement and its formulation. The second describes the methodology and objectives of the work. The third section describes the results achieved by the project, such as: design, construction, assembly and tests that allowed the creative product. In the fourth an analysis of the results is made. In the fifth, the results are evaluated in the light of the objectives and finally the conclusions are presented.Ítem Evaluación computacional de la carga microbiológica en biomembranas bajo tratamiento con radiación ionizantePáez Moncaleano, Mariana; Munevar Espitia, Edwin; Leyva, José AlfonsoIn this research we propose an application of PDB4DNA program elaborated by [6]. This program was designed to study the interaction between genetic material and ionizing radiation in a virtual way. We propose the implementation of calculus and computational modeling with centres of mass.We propose too the graphication of new biological molecules like proteins and membranes. To make this possible we follow a serie of objectives and made an exhaustive investigation around physicist, biology and computation subjects.Ítem “Diseño de un módulo didáctico para la enseñanza de mecánica de fluídos a estudiantes de educación media tomando como referencia el sistema circulatorio”Daza Yate, John Sebastián; Reyes Roncacio, Jaime DuvánThe difficulties of teaching physics have been the Achilles heel in education, since there are conceptual difficulties, identification of relevant data, deficiency in mathematical notions, etc. Looking for a way out of the difficulties that students present in learning physics, actions will be taken that allow a connection of the student and teachers with everyday situations and in this way create a direct experience through activities that cause a social impact, in our case "diseases of the circulatory system", and Arouse interest through problem situations, formulating questions with which students can IDENTIFY their knowledge and cause the need to investigate further to achieve an answer.Ítem Herramientas y otros dispositivos mecánicos: Una alternativa para la enseñanza de la físicaGarcía Sánchez, Edward Alexander; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThe present degree thesis has been developed within a framework of structured internship in the research seedbed INVESTUD CN, which belongs to the Physics Degree program in The Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas and also was guided by the internal director and had the mutual contribution of the enrolled working groups of this research seedbed. In this thesis is presented an alternative proposal to classic mechanics teaching focused on the tools and some mechanical devices, providing the physics teacher three education modulus built from inquiry process, more precisely from Project-based learning. In the modules construction there were collected the results from exploration, selection and construction of mechanical devices used in the activities presented there. In this process different questions emerged regarding the physical phenomenon which explains its functioning and subsequently were used to structure the activities and through them answer the questions. Furthemore, these questions were used to create two research instruments that were applied online due to the sanitary emergency for COVID-19; first it was created a questionnaire applied to highschool students from a school located at the south of Bogota, secondly it was created a workshop which was developed with teachers in training from the last semesters of the university. As a result of the questionnaire answers and the outcome of the workshop, there were obtained different representations that, due to the characteristics, were gather in some explanatory models and based on the interpretation given, it was formulated a hypothesis regarding how the students suggest their explanations about the physical phenomena that were presented. Consequently, it demonstrated some interesting results regarding the model formulation both in highschool students and in teachers in training, as well as the good theoretical use of concepts and laws that apply for teachers in training. On the other hand it was also presented a difficulty when explaining the physical phenomenon and how the teaching strategy presented in the modules gives more protagonism to the student in the classroom and in their learning construction. Thereby, the internship allowed the personal and professional growth from the researcher thanks to the difficulties presented during the pandemic, the use of different methodologies and the creation and use of questionnaires to evaluate.Ítem Diseño de un recurso educativo en video orientado a docentes e investigadores en formación en las áreas de ciencias naturales e ingeniería, sobre el uso y manejo del software octaveJaramillo Pinto, Luisa María; Salamanca Bernal, Julián AndrésIn this work of degree it shows the process carried out for the elaboration of an educational resource in video oriented towards teachers and researchers in sciences and engineering, to introduce the scientific software "Octave" as a practical tool. On the other hand, the proposal and materialization of a methodology developed for the design, planning and elaboration of the series of videotutoriales on the scientific software Octave is exposed, where the aim is to generate a teaching and learning process for teachers and researchers in science and engineering through each of the stages established within the methodological proposal.Ítem Un acercamiento didáctico al modelo de Alfvén para las manchas solaresRodríguez Bonilla, Rustbell; Monroy Cañón, Ignacio AlbertoThis allows us to recognize various phenomena directly related to the Sun, since it governs not only gravitational stability in the solar system. On earth it directs various biological processes such as photosynthesis in plants, sleep cycles in most living beings and recently it has been tried to link the planet's climate with solar activity. This is why various entities worldwide such as NASA of the United States, ESO of the European Union have worked in collaborations such as the Hemispheric and Solar Observatory (SOHO) or the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which are missions that work in recognition of the king star, which have educational content and free data for the dissemination and teaching of its various phenomena. It can be said that this monograph contributes to this teaching and dissemination process, since a model of spots is presented, which, approached through the methodology of astronomy didactics, becomes a tool for the teaching of astronomy and science. natural.Ítem Informe de pasantía titulada proyectos basados en la transformación del movimiento: como alternativa para la enseñanza de la físicaMontero Gómez, Daniela; Panche Carrillo, Jorge Luis; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThe present work took place in the context of structured and guided internship work modality by the research group INVESTUDCN belonging to the curriculum project for a degree in physics at the Francisco José de Caldas District University. In this, a pedagogical proposal is presented that provides the teacher with a didactic resource and a model of class planning for teaching the transformation of the movement. This proposal is based on the pedagogical model of Project-Based Learning (ABP) and the investigation processes which serve to develop two teaching modules focused on rocket propulsion and the preservation of the amount of movement, offering activities to develop simple prototypes such as rockets and suspended sphere systems. Methodologically, the development of this proposal, mainly, is given from prototypes or assemblies related to the movement, so that, as the exploration and construction of these presents questions linked to the physical phenomenon. Secondly, a number of activities are being set up to take account of these questions, and finally, two research instruments, such as a questionnaire and a virtual workshop, applied in the framework of the health emergency of COVID-19 to high school students and teachers in physics degree training respectively. The result of implementing these instruments was to collect and group the responses of high school students and teachers in training, according to explanatory models and variables present in the way of thinking of each student. Afterwards, these models of explanation are analyzed and compared to end with the interpretation of them and the possibility of formulating hypotheses about how students apply their ways of thinking related to physical phenomena, demonstrating with it, that the teaching strategy on which the modules are based gives greater prominence to the learner.Ítem Habilidades científicas y comunicativas "Interacciones con la Luz"Umaña Ramírez, José Luis; Leyton Estupiñán, Camilo Andrés; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarInternship report based on the design and implementation of a chain of framed activities. In the generation of scientific abilities in children of 9 to 13 years of the international school of Fontibón IED. Whose objective was to motivate the learning of the sciences in an autonomous and amusing way in subjects related to the light. Initiative framed in the project with "With my son to the school" whose creators and developers are the teachers belonging to the educational institution by appointment of the Ministry of Education headed by the teacher Nelson Barrios manager and creator of this initiative and a group of teachers linked in a way Volunteer to the program with the approval of the CADEL directives of the town of Fontibón.Ítem Potencialidades de los estilos de aprendizaje en la enseñanza de la físicaCotrino Rivera, Natalia; Castiblanco Abril, Olga LucíaThe main objective of this paper was to analyze the impact of considering the learning styles theory through the model by Honey and Mumford, in the designing process about physics teaching for a high school course in Bogotá. It is mixed type research; quantitative to the identification of student's learning styles through the “Test Honey-Alonso”, and qualitative in the development of a teaching strategy. Data was taken and analyzed from the perspective of discourse analysis. In general, we found that students have all learning styles with different levels of presence. We also found this perspective offers three potentialities: 1) Diversify strategies for physics teaching, since as, by proposing multiple activities where the students felt included and therefore participated and debated, 2)The construction of explanatory mental models, since the students manifested their ways of understanding and explaining, and 3)The characterization of the students for a better orientation since, identified the students' learning styles, it is possible to contribute to strengthening those in which they were low.Ítem Plasmones superficiales en sistemas multicapas Au/SiO_2Quiroga Sánchez, Leidy Paola; Herreño Fierro, César Aurelio; Patiño Zapata, Edgar JavierIn this work, an experimental study of the angular dependence of the reflectance of multilayer systems under conditions of total internal reflection (Kretschmann configuration) is presented. The growth of the structures is carried out in an ultra high vacuum system by electron gun evaporation and by the thermal evaporator of materials, the sensor of the latter system is calibrated by a topographic study by using the atomic force microscopy. The angular reflectometer features a high resolution automated goniometer (<1 mrad), and a 533 nm polarized TM laser that illuminates the multilayer system through a cylindrical lens. The results allow us to characterize the evolution, quality and coupling of plasmonic resonances in the function of parameters such as thickness and number of layers.Ítem Cálculos de primeros principios de energía total: determinación de parámetros de celda en estado de EquilibrioBaquero Silva, Andrés Javier; Ortíz Salamanca, Henrry MauricioThe present paper establishes the theoretical study of the electronic and structural properties for iron borate FeBO3, Al Alumunio and sodium chloride NaCl, performing calculations of first principles, using the theory of functional density (DFT) and the method of flat waves. To represent the effects, approximations were used to represent the exchange and correlation interactions, using the local density approximation (LDA) with the Hubbard correction (LDA + U) for iron borate; implemented a code of the Quantum Espresso package. It was found that the equilibrium state structure of the FeBO3 cell is for the Pz-type pseudopotential. Analyzing in detail the structure of bands and the density of states, evidencing a high correlation for Fe in the orbital d.Ítem Determinación de la dosis absorbida en rayos x diagnósticoHernández Cuesta, Angie Lorena; Quevedo Beltrán, Yuri Tatiana; Infante Luna, Esperanza del PilarDue to the low doses of radiation associated with diagnostic X-rays, the biological effects are probabilistic in nature, therefore they can not be determined with accuracy. It should be noted that the doses absorbed by patients depend on the procedure performed, being lower on radiographs of the extremities than of the thorax. In order to keep diagnosis doses as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA principle of radiological protection), it is of vital importance that radiodiagnostic centers implement quality control protocols in order to ensure that equipment parameters, procedures, and as the doses associated with them, they are within the established tolerance values; which is achieved from a periodic evaluation of the center. It should be noted that any radiodiagnosis procedure entails a benefit for the patient, however, associated with this benefit there is also a risk, for which it is necessary to quantify the radiation dose, in order to evaluate if it is below the values established. In search of proposing safe mechanisms for patients, to respond to these concerns arise the following questions: How to determine the dose received by the patient safely?, how varies the radiation dose at surface and at different depths?, How are the isodose curves in radiographs?.Ítem Introducción a la modelización computacional desde primeros principios y al uso de técnicas experimentales para la caracterización de materiales para aplicaciones en la Industria fotovoltaicaBuitrago Toro, Paula Fernanda; Infante Luna, Esperanza del Pilar; Albanesi, Eduardo AldoTin sulfide (SnS) is an abundant mineral on earth which has aroused great interest at present as it is a semiconductor chalcogenide with indirect band gap, which has high conductivity and high absorption coefficient. These characteristics make it a material with a wide variety of applications for the photovoltaic industry. In the present work the analysis of the band structure and the calculation of effective masses of the SnS with symmetry (Aem2) 39 for a system of 8 atoms is developed. The calculation was carried out from the first principles in the framework of the density functional theory (DFT), whose formalism is implemented in the Abinit software, using the augmented wave projector (PAW) method, which besides generating good approximations, it is of low computational cost, what allows to study systems conformed by great amount of electrons. Effective mass analysis was performed using the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT), which allowed to study the extreme bands together with the mobility of the carriers in a more precise way. Subsequently, the calculation was proposed for two systems: i) distortion of the SnS network parameter from experimental data made up of 64 atoms and ii) system with a tin vacancy in the structure of the SnS; which require an unfolding of the electronic band structure.Ítem Análisis de datos históricos de la calidad del aire y precipitación en Bogotá.Rayo Alape, Julian Mateo; Hurtado Marquéz, AlejandroWithin the framework of development of the research line in simulation, mining and analysis of data of the physics and computer group of the District University, is being developed studies that involve the systematic programming of natural phenomena. In intervention Direct environmental problems caused by air pollution. Your different problems of health associated with the low index of quality of life in urban centers. Its production and relationship with anthropogenic activity. And as an application of information technologies and communication, the continuous study of pollutants and variables is necessary in the city of Bogotá. The purpose is to answer questions such as: how many years has the city been influenced by pollution? What action plans are suggested for the decrease of air pollutants? And how much pollution decreases with precipitation?Ítem El Efecto Casimir en un sistema de bicapas lipídicasRondón Ramírez, Fidel Leonardo; Rey Ramírez, Jose David; Munévar Espitia, Edwin; Leyva Rojas, José AlfonsoThe Casimir Effect is a phenomenon studied in different branches of physics like nanotechnology, astrophysics and biophysics systems. This work was focused in a bi-layer lipid system upon which a theoretical recompilation of the manifestation of the Casimir Effect on a cellular membrane was performed and to achieve that, it was necessary to breakdown the harmonic oscillator paradigm in the classic regime and shift into the quantic regime. This was done to understand the way in which the electromagnetic field quantizes in the vacuum and then obtain a mathematical expression that correlates the Casimir Effect applying interface conditions. Lastly, alternating the interface conditions it is possible to explain the interaction in the cellular membrane as a consequence of the Casimir Effect.Ítem Fortalecer la identificación de las necesidades de formación de los profesores de física de la ciudad de Bogotá-Fase IPatiño Vargas, Yoana Mavel; Reyes Roncancio, Jaime DuvanThe following project will create a data collection instrument based on the training needs of physics teachers in the city of Bogotá, based on the identification of the general objective of some of the physics associations in the world, as well as of the results obtained in 2016 by Colombia in the PISA test as evidence of the educational problem at the national level. The conceptual support of this instrument is facet theory; from which, a qualification of the teaching is projected; questions will be handled with specific purposes based on the social objective of the Association of physics teachers in Colombia (ZEMAKAITA); the questions will be supported in the DBA, EBC and inclusion of new educational content provided by the general education law in Colombia of 1994 and in the information compiled from the master's thesis of the National Pedagogical University specifically in the Documentation Center in Education of the Science (CEDENCI), each thesis addresses a research about educator training trends.