Licenciatura en Física

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/44

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Diseño de un entorno gráfico para la implementación de un sistema de medición-calibración de instrumentos de vacío del laboratorio de presión (Instituto Nacional de Metrología)
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Segura León, Andrés Felipe; Salamanca Bernal, Julián Andrés; Salamanca Bernal, Julián Andrés [0000-0001-8378-4215]
As part of the development and implementation project for a measurement and calibration system for vacuum instruments at the Pressure Laboratory of the National Institute of Metrology (INM), a graphical user interface (GUI) was developed in Python for communication with the Agilent XGS 600 controller. This tool enables real-time visualization of equipment readings with full resolution, facilitating the monitoring of measurement trends, detection of variations, and evaluation of stability times. The development of this interface represents a significant advancement in strengthening the project by providing an efficient and adaptable solution for the measurement system. This project developed a graphical interface in Python for the Agilent XGS-600 controller, aiming to optimize the measurement and calibration processes of vacuum instruments at the Pressure Laboratory of the National Institute of Metrology (INM). The solution addressed two critical limitations of the existing system through automation and access to high-resolution data.
Estudio de sistemas mecánicos disipativos mediante mecánica geométrica lagrangiana
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Pardo Ruiz, Brayan Stiven; Jácome Muñoz, Carlos Efraín
This thesis presents a critical analysis of the standard Lagrangian formalism, identifying its structural limitations in describing mechanical systems with dissipation. Mathematical extensions, such as integrating factors, are explored, which, while allowing for a variational treatment, often compromise the physical interpretation of the resulting quantities. To overcome these shortcomings, a theoretical framework based on contact geometry is introduced, where dissipation is modeled as an intrinsic property of the extended state space (TQ × ℝ) rather than as an external force. Within this formalism, the contact Euler-Lagrange equations are derived, a generalization that naturally accounts for dissipative terms. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated with the Damped Harmonic Oscillator, and a generalization of Noether's theorem for contact geometry is applied to predict and construct invariants of motion (conserved quantities) in systems with symmetries, even in the presence of dissipation.
Estudio de la habitabilidad de los exoplanetas a partir de la extensión de la función de Cobb-Douglas
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Cedeño Trejos, Juan Pablo; Monroy Cañón, Ignacio Alberto; Monroy Cañón, Ignacio Alberto [0009-0005-9733-6276]
This work, part of the undergraduate program in physics, aimed to extend the habitability model based on the Cobb–Douglas function by incorporating exoplanet orbital elements. Using a mathematical, computational, and astrobiological approach, a tool was developed to more accurately assess the habitability of exoplanets. The habitability of an exoplanet depends on several physical factors simultaneously, such as radius, mass, etc. The Cobb–Douglas function allows these parameters to be combined in a multiplicative and weighted manner, reflecting their relative contribution to a single numerical index. This study proposes a quantitative model for assessing the habitability of exoplanets using a Cobb–Douglas function of multiple planetary variables, grouped into three dimensions: interior (radius and density), surface (escape velocity and temperature), and periphery (eccentricity and orbital period). Each subscript was normalized to Earth units and weighted according to its physical relevance: 0.4 for interior, 0.5 for surface, and 0.1 for periphery. The function was applied under the optimization process in terms of parameters under constraints called decreasing returns to scale (DRS) and constant returns to scale (CRS), using the fmincon algorithm, ensuring its concavity and global optimization. Twenty-nine potentially habitable exoplanets were identified under constant yields, of which 21 coincide with the Habitable Worlds Catalog, and 47 under decreasing yields, with 30 coincidences. In addition, a strong correlation (r = 0.89) was observed between mass and escape velocity, confirming their gravitational link. The model was validated using the k-NN algorithm (k = 5), showing local consistency between similar planets.
Análisis del efecto de la presión de radiación en trayectorias espaciales, implementación didáctica mediante "Peer Instruction"
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Beltrán Mayorga, Juan Camilo; Castro Gómez, Geraldine; Talero López, Paco Hernando
This document presents research on physics teaching, in which two classes of third-semester physics students are taught topics such as radiation pressure, orbital trajectories, momentum transfer, and energy conservation using the peer instruction (PI) methodology, based on the study of two real cases: solar sails and the interstellar object 'Oumuamua. The data obtained were analyzed using Hake's gain factor, which indicates conceptual evolution, and Bao's concentration index, used to evaluate the dispersion of responses. The results showed conceptual improvements when using the PI methodology, highlighting the limitations to be considered when implementing it.
Simulación computacional de la radiólisis del agua inducida por radiación de baja LET y su impacto en las rupturas de cadenas de ADN
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Calderón Castro, Laura Valentina; Munévar Espitia, Edwin; Munévar Espitia, Edwin [0000-0002-0578-7717]
The consequences of ionizing radiation on biological material represent a broad field of study that ranges from radiological protection to medicine. The main focus in this area is on direct damage, which occurs when radiation interacts directly with DNA molecules, breaking the bonds immediately. On the other hand, indirect effects result from water radiolysis caused by radiation, where free radicals are produced, such as hidroxilo (OH+), ion de hidroxilo (OH−), electrón solvatado (eaq), molécula de hidrógeno (H2), hidrógeno (H), hidronio (H3O+), and peróxido de hidrógeno (H3O2). Due to the high production rate of these radicals, they migrate through the cellular medium until they encounter DNA, sometimes causing even greater damage than that produced by the direct effect of radiation. This occurs because indirect effects can extend to different areas within the cell, forming cumulative and less specific damage, which makes repair during treatment less likely or more prone to errors, increasing the chances of mutations and even permanent damage. To understand the damage that free radicals can cause to the DNA structure, it is essential to study the effects of low-LET radiation. This type of radiation induces DNA damage indirectly through reactive chemical species generated during water radiolysis. Moreover, the availability of reliable experimental data for low-LET radiation allows for accurate validation of simulation models, facilitating the study of indirect damage relevant to both medical applications and environmental exposures.
Exploración de fases topológicas en heterobicapas semiconductoras de Van der Waals mediante la aplicación del formalismo de Floquet
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Walteros Mendivelso, Brayan Esteban; Herreño Fierro, César Aurelio; Ruiz Tijerina, David Angel; Herreño Fierro, César Aurelio [0000-0003-2394-4322]; Ruiz Tijerina, David Angel [0000-0001-7688-2511]
A theoretical study is presented on the engineering of topological bands in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures through the incidence of light, in the context of so-called Floquet engineering. It was found that the fundamental energy gap of the heterostructure can be overcome by applying near-infrared electromagnetic radiation, leading to overlap between Floquet energy bands, equivalent to an inversion of the gap between the conduction and valence bands. The resulting Floquet bands exhibit topological gaps, evidenced by their Chern numbers. The results of this study chart a new path for controlling the topology of electronic states, with potential fundamental and technological implications for devices based on two-dimensional semiconductors exhibiting moiré patterns.
Una propuesta para la enseñanza de la física integrando los conceptos fundamentales de la termodinámica y sus aplicaciones prácticas
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Vásquez Cruz, Paula Andrea; Arcos Márquez, Fabio Omar
The following paper, “A proposal for teaching physics by integrating the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics and their practical applications,” presents the design and development of a teacher-oriented teaching guide, whose purpose is to strengthen the teaching of thermodynamics in basic education through sequenced experimental activities. The proposal arises from the need to transform traditional physics teaching practices, often focused on content transmission and mechanical problem solving, into strategies that promote meaningful understanding, exploration, and scientific inquiry in the classroom. From a conceptual and pedagogical perspective, the document recognizes that thermodynamics is a privileged field for linking theory with practice, given that its principles can be observed in everyday phenomena related to heat, temperature, energy, and phase changes. Based on the contributions of Çengel and Boles (2012) and Hewitt (2008), it is proposed that the teaching of these contents should be based on experimental experiences that allow students to construct knowledge through observation, hypothesis formulation, and teacher-guided reflection. The theoretical framework is based on pedagogical references such as the Ondas Program, Pequeños Científicos, and the approaches of Marco Raúl Mejía, who emphasize research and experimentation as educational strategies for developing critical thinking and autonomy in students. In line with the Basic Learning Rights (DBA) established by the Ministry of National Education, the proposal seeks to offer teachers structured material that facilitates conceptual progression, the contextualization of knowledge, and the strengthening of scientific skills. The booklet, entitled “Exploring the ideas of heat and temperature through experience,” consists of a set of experimental activities organized in a gradual and coherent manner. Among them is the “egg boat” experiment, which allows for the simple demonstration of the processes of converting thermal energy into motion, stimulating scientific curiosity and active learning. The application of the material in a school group showed improvements in conceptual understanding and student participation during the practical sessions. This proposal is a pedagogical tool that articulates theory, practice, and context, contributing to a more dynamic, reflective, and meaningful teaching of physics.
Prueba de las desigualdades de Leggett-Garg en oscilaciones de sabor y espín de neutrinos en un campo magnético constante
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Madrid Terán, Stiven David; Monroy Cañón, Ignacio Alberto; Monroy Cañón, Ignacio Alberto [0009-0005-9733-6276]
The Leggett-Garg (LG) inequalities, derived under the notion of macroscopic realism (MR), are a temporal analogue of the Bell inequalities and arise from our intuitions about the behavior of classical systems. Here, these inequalities are applied in the context of neutrinos in magnetic fields, which represents a suitable setup for studying aspects of quantum mechanics in the case of relativistic elementary particles. In this work, the assumptions of MR were reviewed and, as consequences of these assumptions, the LG inequalities were derived. Two simple examples were discussed: the coin as a classical object and the qubit. The Dirac equation was solved for neutrinos in the presence of a constant magnetic field, which allowed obtaining the transition probabilities for both flavor and spin oscillations. With these probabilities, the temporal correlations needed to evaluate the LG inequalities were calculated. The results show that these inequalities are violated in both types of oscillations when the electromagnetic properties of the neutrino are considered, with the flavor oscillation showing, for certain regions of the distance between measurements, a less pronounced violation in the magnetic field scenario compared to the vacuum case. For spin oscillation, it was determined that the violation is higher in the case where the neutrino mass-squared difference is considered null.
Implicaciones geométricas de la teoría de Kaluza-Klein en los modelos de compactificación: Un acercamiento a las teorías modernas de unificación en la física
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Rivera Correa, Santiago; Fonseca Urrego, Wilson Arvey; Giraldo Acuña, Juan Carlos
The Kaluza-Klein theory proposes the unification of gravity and the electromagnetic field using different methods but with common perspectives. On one hand, Kaluza starts from the Christoffel symbols (interpreted as components of the gravitational field) by adding a fifth dimension that is independent of those symbols to obtain a mathematical relationship between the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field; this by virtue of a mathematical analogy established by Kaluza between the gravitational and electromagnetic descriptions. On the other hand, Klein, following Kaluza's hypothesis, starts from the geometric formalism, along with particular coordinate transformation groups, to derive the field equations in which the gravitational and electromagnetic fields naturally arise; this allows him to give a wave treatment to matter (guided by de Broglie's hypothesis) in such a way that a mathematical restriction is imposed on the type of solutions the field equations must have, namely: the wave equation (Schrödinger's hypothesis). Thus, Klein gives a quantum and relativistic treatment to spacetime, by showing that the fifth dimension closes in on itself, that is, spatial loops so tiny (quantized) that they are imperceptible. The derivation methods start from the same physical ansatz (extra dimension), but from slightly different mathematical hypotheses and ansatzes. The gravitational and electromagnetic unification inherently involves the equation of these fields, that is, giving them an equivalent treatment. For this reason, a geometric interpretation of spacetime is necessary as a problem of describing measurements between observers, thus revisiting the reflections proposed by Minkowski on hyperbolic symmetries for inertial observers within the framework of special relativity that facilitate and allow for an egalitarian description of measurements and physical laws.
“Acompañamiento y adaptaciones en el campo de las ciencias naturales con estudiantes de aceleración del aprendizaje en el Colegio José Félix Restrepo: Luces y Colores”
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) González Cuervo, Mayra Alejandra; Arcos Martínez , Fabio Omar
This internship was carried out at the Colegio Técnico José Félix Restrepo I.E.D., within the framework of the Accelerated Learning Program, aimed at over-age students seeking to level their basic primary education. The project focused on strengthening learning in the area of Natural Sciences—specifically in the physical environment—through the topic Light and Colors. Its main purpose was to design, implement, and analyze pedagogical strategies that would promote the understanding of physical phenomena related to light and color through experimental, reflective, and collaborative activities. The internship was based on legal, pedagogical, and theoretical frameworks that support science education. Law 115 of 1994 and the guidelines of the Colombian Ministry of National Education guarantee the right to an inclusive and flexible education. From the pedagogical perspective, constructivist and sociocultural approaches were adopted, viewing learning as an active, meaningful, and contextualized process. The theoretical component addressed the scientific principles of light and color and their everyday applications, linking physics to students' real-life experiences. Methodologically, the experience was grounded in the Participatory Action Research (PAR) model, which integrates theory and practice while encouraging teacher reflection and active student participation. The implementation of general, contextual, and systematized activities fostered scientific curiosity, critical thinking, and social skills within the classroom. The results showed that the strategies improved students' conceptual understanding and motivation toward science, while the pedagogical accompaniment enhanced self-esteem and participation, reaffirming the value of active and inclusive methodologies. In conclusion, this internship represented an integral formative process that connected theory and practice, science and pedagogy, reaffirming the teacher's role as a mediator and agent of social transformation.
Recursos didácticos para la enseñanza de las matemáticas en el contexto del aula hospitalaria el Country
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Ramos Forero, Jorge Enrique; Arcos MartÍnez , Fabio Omar
Hospital pedagogy is established as an interdisciplinary field that integrates health and education, aimed at guaranteeing the universal right to education within the academic training processes of children and adolescents in hospitalization. In Colombia, this approach has gained particular relevance as it responds to the regulations of the Ministry of National Education (MEN) and the Political Constitution, both of which promote comprehensive care and universal access to education. This educational modality seeks to address the cognitive, emotional, and social needs of patient-students, contributing not only to their learning process but also to their well-being and recovery. The development of hospital pedagogy in the country has been strengthened by significant experiences such as those of Clínica El Country and the INVESTUD-CN research group from Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, whose work in the teaching of science and mathematics has achieved important progress over the past thirteen years. At Clínica El Country, the educational practice is oriented toward improving patients’ quality of life, preventing school isolation, and fostering psychosocial development. Pedagogical processes are based on each patient’s individual situation, with the purpose of preventing exclusion and ensuring the continuity of their learning. During the Covid-19 health emergency, the implementation of virtual strategies made it possible to maintain educational support within the hospital classroom program of the District Secretary of Education (SED), revealing both achievements and challenges. Among the latter are the need for specialized teacher training, curricular adaptation to hospital rhythms, and effective coordination between the education and health sectors. Despite the progress made, challenges still persist in consolidating policies and strengthening interinstitutional coordination to ensure educational quality for patient-students. This report presents the experience developed at Clínica El Country, in partnership with IED Heladia Mejía, through didactic sequences in science and mathematics that address topics such as geometric figures, circumference, and proportion, using technological resources (ICT) to promote meaningful learning adapted to the conditions of each student-patient. This process concludes with the results of the pedagogical practice and demonstrates the positive impact of education in the hospital setting, reaffirming that hospital pedagogy is a pathway to equity and humanization in the comprehensive care of individuals.
Implementación de un sistema de espectroscopia fotoacústica para la caracterización óptica y térmica de materiales usados en la fabricación de celdas solares DSSC
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Palomino Gamboa, Esteban; Gómez Heredia, Cindy Lorena; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo; Gómez Heredia, Cindy Lorena [0000-0002-5017-9542]; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo [0000-0002-0266-4631]
In the Thin Films and Nanophotonics Research Group (PUJ), with the support and collaboration of the Environmental Physics and Solar Energy Research Group (UDFJC), and within the framework of the project “Construction and Analysis of Optical and Electrical Stability of DSSC Solar Cells in the Scaling Phase” of the Physical Chemistry and Mathematical Analysis Research Group (FUA), a photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) system was constructed and calibrated. The results demonstrate the successful implementation and calibration of a PAS system capable of measuring amplitude and phase signals consistent with reference materials (water and ethanol), thus validating the experimental setup. By applying the normalization and fitting methodology, effective thermal effusivities of natural and synthetic pigments (annatto, spinach, and ruthenium) were obtained, showing an increase in effusivity with concentration and greater reproducibility when using aluminum as the heating element.
Fortalecimiento del aprendizaje científico en la educación básica mediante el proyecto “Explora y Aprende”
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Gómez Pachón, Tatiana; Arcos Martínez, Fabio Omar
The present report summarizes the experience carried out at the *Institución Educativa Técnica Miraflores*, located in the department of Boyacá, within the framework of the **Tutoring Program for Learning and Comprehensive Education – PTAFI 3.0**. The implemented project, called **“Explore and Learn”**, had as its main purpose to strengthen scientific learning in basic education through the incorporation of experimental methodologies adapted to a rural context with significant infrastructure limitations, particularly the absence of a physics laboratory. The process began with a diagnosis of the community’s social, economic, and educational conditions, which revealed the high socioeconomic vulnerability of most students and the restricted access to technological and pedagogical resources. In response to this situation, innovative teaching strategies were designed, emphasizing the use of low-cost and easily accessible materials to foster creativity and collaborative work. During the teaching practice, various experimental activities were carried out and integrated into the curriculum for grades six through eleven. Among the most notable were: the holographic pyramid, the rubber band-powered car, the exploration of non-Newtonian fluids, the vinegar and baking soda rocket, tensegrity structures, and the determination of gravity using a simple pendulum. These activities allowed students to understand physical phenomena through observation, hands-on experimentation, and collective reflection, sparking curiosity, motivation, and interest in science. The analysis of the results showed significant progress both in the development of scientific competencies (observation, inquiry, argumentation) and in the students’ overall education by strengthening skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, emotional management, creativity, and teamwork. Likewise, the project demonstrated that it is possible to overcome material barriers in rural education through teacher commitment and pedagogical adaptation. In conclusion, the **“Explore and Learn”** project was consolidated as an innovative and replicable strategy that not only achieved the proposed objectives but also reaffirmed the idea that science teaching can become a meaningful experience even in contexts with limited resources. Its implementation highlights the importance of connecting school learning with the local environment and fostering in students a passion for experimentation and the construction of scientific knowledge.
Tipologías de experimentación en el laboratorio de Física educativa
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Hernández Rodríguez , Mayerly; Castiblanco Abril , Olga Lucia; Castiblanco Abril ,Olga Lucia [0000-0002-8069-0704]
This document compiles the reports for the four phases of the Educational Physics Laboratory program, in which the participation and certification of both teachers and students were recorded. In the first phase, ten of the fifteen enrolled teachers received their certificates, reflecting a significant initial commitment. However, in subsequent phases, a decrease in the number of certificates issued was observed, both among teachers and students. This reduction is mainly attributed to factors such as workload, difficulties in meeting established schedules, unforeseen personal events, and the complexity of maintaining continuity in the training process. Despite these challenges, the program managed to maintain a significant level of participation and motivation, especially among students in the third and fourth phases, where thirteen and twenty participants were certified, respectively. This dynamic highlights the challenges inherent in continuing education processes, as well as the progress and commitment that persists throughout the program. Detailed reports for each phase are presented below.
Caracterización óptica y obtención de los coeficientes de Einstein por medio de los fenómenos de interacción radiación-materia usando el equipo de diodo láser de fibra óptica Leybold de los laboratorios de Física de la Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Naturales de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Rojas Ocampo, María Fernanda; Ortiz Salamanca , Henry Mauricio; Barón Aldana , Andrés Rubén; Barón Aldana, Andrés Rubén [0000-0003-4691-5188]
When electromagnetic radiation interacts with a material medium, it is treated as a radiation-matter interaction phenomenon. It is used to study the emitted electromagnetic radiation that arises from the interaction of an incident light beam with a material medium, obtaining from this the physical properties associated with it. This radiation can be absorbed or emitted because it can explain induced electronic transitions between the different energy levels of the material, with the different types of spectra generated as a result of these transitions. This is why, with the discovery of laser light, techniques emerged that allow us to study phenomena associated with the interaction of radiation with matter.That is, through this interaction, optical phenomena inherent to wave-like processes, reflection, total internal refraction, light scattering, and absorption can be studied, allowing us to understand the optical properties of the system under study. This equipment allows me to study the Einstein coefficients generated by spontaneous emission, using erbium-doped fibers. Spontaneous emission and its relationship with the probability of stimulated emission of two emitted signals are described using probabilistic data.
Acercamiento al pensamiento cientifico y la docencia a partir del laboratorio de física educativa
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) González Pérez, Esteban; Castiblanco Abril, Olga Lucia; Castiblanco Abril Olga Lucia [0000-0002-8069-0704]
Access to scientific knowledge should be a right for all society, particularly in fields like physics, as it fosters a deeper understanding of the world and promotes critical, informed citizenship. However, while there are valuable educational science outreach experiences, most of them often remain limited to basic scientific literacy without achieving significant impact on developing scientific thinking within communities. For this reason, the Physics Teaching Degree Curriculum Project (PCLF) and the Research Group on Physics Teaching and Learning (GEAF) have generated valuable knowledge enabling the design of non-formal physics education initiatives. These open new possibilities for bringing the discipline closer to diverse social sectors, proposing an approach that transcends mere dissemination and consolidates a strategy capable of directly influencing the production and appropriation of scientific knowledge. This context gives rise to the study's guiding research question: How does the Educational Physics Laboratory contribute to developing scientific thinking in high school students and training future teachers? The study follows a qualitative action-research methodology, analyzing 210 research field diaries, from 31 students aged 15-18 across two full cycles of the Educational Physics Laboratory. Each cycle consisted of six in-person sessions: five in the physics laboratories of Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Macarena A campus) and one in Bogotá's eastern hills. Data analysis used Atlas.ti software and content analysis techniques. Sessions were structured around different experimentation typologies, maintaining interactive roles for both teachers and students: discrepant experiment, illustrative experiment, home experiment, crucial experiment, virtual experiment, and recreational experiment. Findings showed, progressive improvement in idea abstraction skills, holistic development of participants' thinking, positive impact on students' perception of physics classes, correlation between experimentbased lesson design and increased student interest in science and teaching. Overall, participants perceived the laboratory as a highly innovative space capable of transforming their ideas about science and teaching
Enseñanza de la física basada en el Constructivismo para la preparación del Examen Saber 11
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Garzón Peña, Brayan Alejandro; Mosquera Suárez, Carlos Javier; Mosquera Suárez, Carlos Javier [0000-0001-8640-0803]
This report describes the activities and achievements during the internship carried out at the Bolivarian Institute Esdiseños de Cundinamarca, whose objective was to train students for the ICFES Saber 11 exams, specifically in the area of physics. Using a constructivist approach, diagnostic worksheets were designed and administered to assess students' competencies, as well as specific worksheets for each topic covered, such as kinematics, dynamics, and electromagnetism. In addition, interactive simulations were used to facilitate understanding of complex concepts, and reasoning strategies were provided to effectively address the ICFES test questions. At the end of the internship, the results showed a significant improvement in the students' abilities to solve physics problems, eliminate incorrect answers, and apply concepts in a practical way. Students reported feeling more confident and prepared to take the ICFES Saber 11 exam, reflecting the success of the training. This report highlights the effectiveness of integrating a constructivist approach and the use of interactive technologies to improve academic performance and prepare students for future academic challenges.
Tipologías de experimentación en el laboratorio de física educativa
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Rodríguez Agredo, Jean Paul; Castiblanco Abril, Olga Lucia; Castiblanco Abril, Olga Lucia [0000-0002-8069-0704]
The internship, held within the Educational Physics Laboratory, aimed to plan, execute, and analyze 24 physics workshops based on experimental typologies for students from Bogotá high schools in grades nine, ten, and eleven, as well as for practicing teachers. The workshops were held in person at the Macarena A Campus of the Francisco José de Caldas District University. These workshops were distributed so that one cycle would be equivalent to six workshops, or four cycles in total. The unique feature was that in each workshop, the student and teacher groups would be different. A total of 77 students participated, while the number of teachers was 18. It was observed that they displayed attitudes, emotions, and aspects such as amazement, intrigue, expectation, curiosity, enjoyment, tolerance for debate, imagination of many unusual situations, and exploration of various branches of physics. This is because, based on experimental typologies, the roles of the teacher and the student change drastically: on the one hand, the workshop facilitator's role was to plan the experimentation to develop thinking skills, participate in the class, stimulate debate, and offer ideas and information to facilitate the development of the activities. On the other hand, the student's role consisted of facing challenges, working as a team, reaching consensus, developing scientific language, and participating in the given experiments.
Desarrollo de un recurso educativo computacional para la enseñanza del método variacional en mecánica cuántica
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Wilches Torres, Juan Diego; Salamanca Bernal, Julián Andrés; Salamanca Bernal, Julián Andrés [0000-0001-8378-4215]
This work presents the development of an educational computational resource in Python, designed for the study of three quantum systems that produce electro- nic confinement—a phenomenon that leads to the discretization of energy levels. Using the variational method, implemented from a multiparametric approach, the ground state energies are calculated, and the method is extended, both theoreti- cally and practically, to the analysis of excited states. The result is a solid theoreti- cal framework for this extension, along with an educational software package that includes a graphical user interface (GUI), as well as an installer and uninstaller for GNU/Linux systems. The program guides users sequentially through the calculation of expected energies, gradient descent-based minimization, and the visualization of wavefunctions and probability densities, thus constituting an innovative, practical, and intuitive resource for teaching quantum mechanics. The software is available at the following repository: https://github.com/fisinforgh/SEQVS.git.
Caracterización de la estructura y propiedades del Dióxido de Titanio (TiO₂) en fase Rutilo mediante cálculos DFT y Espectroscopía Raman
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Urbano Rico, Yeison Stiven; Ortiz Salamanca, Henrry Mauricio
This work presents a theoretical–experimental study of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), aimed at characterizing its structure and vibrational modes. Ab initio calculations were performed within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT), using the Quantum ESPRESSO software package. In parallel, experimental measurements were carried out with a Horiba ExploRA-TM PLUS Raman microscope on a TiO₂ sample to validate the theoretical results. The obtained data showed remarkable agreement. Structurally, the fitting with the Birch–Murnaghan equation reproduced a value close to the bulk modulus reported in the literature. Regarding the vibrational analysis, deviations below 3% were observed between the theoretical frequencies and those measured in the laboratory.

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