Licenciatura en Física
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/44
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Ítem Simulación del comportamiento de un reactor nuclear PWR genérico de 2 bucles de 1GWe bajo pérdida transitoria del refrigeranteRodríguez Castro, Andrés Felipe; Sarta Fuentes, José Antonio; Sarta Fuentes, José Antonio [0000-0001-9328-138X]This work analyses the behaviour of a 1 GWe pressurised water reactor (PWR) in the presence of a transient loss of coolant flow, using the Micro-Physics Nuclear Reactor Simulator Lite Edition simulator to evaluate the evolution of parameters such as power, reactivity, period, pressure, moderator density, fuel and coolant temperatures. A theoretical framework covering the concepts of neutrons, transport and diffusion as well as reactor thermohydraulics is developed, and the effects of fuel burn-up, cycle variation and initial power are analysed. The transient state of the reactor is modelled by an exponential dependence of the flux with a characteristic time of 2 seconds, and the results obtained over 10 seconds allow the comparison of different operating scenarios. The conclusions highlight the importance of these studies for understanding the safety and stability of nuclear reactors under adverse conditions, suggesting future work that delves deeper into thermohydraulics and the exploration of other transient events.Ítem La enseñanza y aprendizaje de la mecánica clásica a través de experiencias sensoriales y motoras en áreas rurales de Colombia con el programa Viva la Escuela del Ministerio de Educación Nacional(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Santos Sánchez, Harold Felipe; Arcos Martínez , Fabio OmarThe Teaching and Learning of Classical Mechanics Through Sensory and Motor Experiences in Rural Areas of Colombia with the 'Viva la Escuela' Program The learning of physics and mathematics in rural contexts faces multiple challenges, including limited access to technological resources, a lack of adequate teaching materials, and the predominance of traditional methodologies that are not well contextualized. In the department of Casanare, within the Viva la Escuela program, the need for innovative pedagogical strategies was identified to strengthen the understanding of scientific concepts through meaningful experiences, encouraging student participation and connection with their environment. To address this issue, a teaching approach based on sensory and motor experiences was implemented, focusing on knowledge construction through experimentation. Learning centers were created as an educational tool, highlighting the construction of a mini-garden where citrus plants were cultivated using colored filters that altered the wavelength of radiation. This interdisciplinary space allowed students to relate concepts from physics, biology, and environmental science. Additionally, reinforcement activities in mathematics and language were conducted, along with Rubik's cube and chess workshops and experimental activities on forces and motion using locally available materials. The adopted methodology was qualitative and participatory, facilitating collaboration between the intern, the tutor, and the teachers. An initial diagnosis was conducted through surveys and observations to identify students' needs and adapt pedagogical strategies accordingly. A discovery-based learning approach was promoted, allowing students to formulate hypotheses, conduct tests, and draw conclusions through hands-on manipulation of available elements. The intervention results showed significant improvements in students' understanding of classical mechanics principles, particularly Newton's laws, applied to everyday situations. Students exhibited greater interest and motivation towards science due to the implementation of active methodologies that promoted playful and experiential learning. The contextualization of curricular content and the integration of the educational community were key aspects of the proposal's success. It is concluded that physics education in rural contexts can be strengthened through strategies adapted to local conditions, leveraging available resources to foster meaningful learning. It is recommended to expand this approach to other rural institutions and develop teacher training in active methodologies to improve educational quality. Additionally, challenges such as the need for greater institutional support and the enhancement of pedagogical guidance in remote areas were identified. This study highlights the potential of pedagogical creativity, community collaboration, and the use of local resources to transform physics education in rural settings. Future research should explore the integration of accessible technologies and innovative strategies to continue optimizing science education in Colombia.Ítem Enseñanza del algoritmo de Shor por medio de una interfaz gráfica(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) García Cárdenas , Andrés Felipe; Salamanca Bernal , Julián Andrés; Salamanca Bernal , Julián Andrés [0000-0001-8378-4215]In the training of future professionals in science and engineering through STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) education and scientific and technological literacy (STL), the use, mastery and creation of educational software that emphasizes the teaching and learning process in a clearer, simpler and easier way is essential. Shor's algorithm presents in its implementation a revolution in current cryptography systems, mixing classical and quantum concepts together with the computational structure (circuit) during its implementation and operation; for this reason, it makes it one of the most difficult computational algorithms to understand and study, in addition, the bibliography is not sufficient, because there are few examples that allow to appreciate the development of Shor's algorithm. With this in mind, the physics and computer science group FISINFOR of the Francisco José de Caldas District University has developed a new educational-computational resource in order to reduce the time required for learning and teaching Shor's algorithm with the creation of the software called Software Education Quantum Shor Algorithm (abbreviated as SEQSA). SEQSA complies with the guidelines framed in the ISO 9126 Standard and the educational software evaluation model of the Latin American Institute of Educational Communication in the Educational Research and Models Unit. Likewise, the standards established by the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (COLCIENCIAS) are applied as established in resolution 000284-2004 as software quality evaluation metrics for its registration.Ítem Recursividad y creatividad aplicadas a la creación de experiencias memorables y generación de nuevos conocimientos en un contexto rural dentro del programa Viva la Escuela del Ministerio de Educación Nacional(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Arévalo Orjuela, Diana Carolina; Arcos Martínez , Fabio OmarThis work consisted of participating in a volunteer program with the second cohort of the Viva la Escuela program from the Ministry of National Education, in collaboration with the Organization of Ibero-American States and Icetex. This volunteer program was carried out at the Ramón Alvarado Sánchez Educational Institution, Los Milagros campus, in the municipality of Garzón, Huila. The main objective of the Viva la Escuela program was to call on students from universities, faculties of education, and normal higher schools to mitigate the significant setback in the development of learning due to social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, through successful educational activities in rural educational communities nationwide. In addition to wanting to contribute to the program's objectives, my participation in this volunteer work was motivated by the need to immerse myself in the educational reality of rural areas in the country and contribute, from my professional field, to strengthening the quality and equity of rural education through focused and impactful activities. These activities were constantly based on dialogic learning, such as interactive groups, tutored libraries, literary gatherings, intensive classroom support, and personalized tutoring in mathematics. For this purpose, comprehensive and methodical guides were proposed and implemented for the design, preparation, development, implementation, and evaluation of these activities. During this internship, through the development and implementation of these activities both in and outside the classroom, the integration of the community into the school was encouraged through the participation of local volunteers. Additionally, the students were able to develop skills, enhance their socio-emotional and psychomotor development, and close learning gaps and setbacks caused by the social isolation from the pandemic. On a personal level, participating in this volunteer program brought a wide range of lived experiences, acquired knowledge, challenges overcome, and difficulties faced, which allowed me to gain a broader perspective on the educational conditions in rural areas, as well as projections for the future of rural education in Colombia.Ítem Desarrollo y aplicación de recursos educativos para la realización de actividades sobre interacciones con la luz a estudiantes de básica primaria a través del programa Viva la EscuelaOrtiz Garzón, Luisa Fernanda; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarIn Colombia, rural education faces considerable challenges compared to urban areas. In this context, the “Programa de tutorias para el Aprendizaje y la Formación Integral” (PTAFI 3.0), promoted by the Ministry of National Education and previously known as "Viva la Escuela," emerges as an innovative initiative to reduce the significant inequalities, particularly concerning the quality of learning and equal access to opportunities. This program incorporates science, technology, art, and culture into the curriculum of rural institutions through "Centros de Interés", an educational approach that seeks to redefine time in school by allowing students to focus on a specific area of interest. This fosters holistic development as a process in which children, adolescents, and young people enhance their autonomy, ability to think, act, transform themselves, and recreate a life project, as outlined by the Ministry of National Education. As a PTAFI 3.0 intern, the goal is not only to conduct activities related to Physics but also to support the development of school management and simultaneously improve learning and school coexistence. This thesis is developed as part of an internship at the Institución Educativa Sevilla, located in the municipality of Sevilla, Valle del Cauca. As part of the internship and the PTAFI 3.0 implementation team, the necessary support processes were carried out to establish the "Talentos" center of interest within the IE Sevilla. Additionally, educational resources were designed and applied to teach concepts of optical physics to primary school students, aiming to facilitate the understanding of phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and color perception through additive and subtractive color mixing. To achieve this, didactic activities combining theory and practice were implemented with an interactive and experimental approach aimed at motivating students' interest and understanding. This thesis work contributed to professional and personal growth, as, upon completing this internship, an analysis was conducted of the challenges encountered during the process. First, it concludes on the activities developed around light phenomena, focusing on the importance of viewing physics as a fascinating experience-based game. This is followed by reflections on the implementation of PTAFI 3.0, understanding the complexities of the educational environment, and the need for collective commitment to drive change and improve the quality of education in the country. Thus, recommendations are made to strengthen similar initiatives in rural contexts.Ítem Análisis de flujo laminar en tuberías: implementando métodos numéricos y simulaciones en OPENFOAM basadas en las ecuaciones de Stokes.Mesa Álvarez , Luis Daniel; Munevar Espitia , Edwin; Leyva Rojas, José Alfonso; Munevar Espitia; Edwin [0000-0002-0578-7717]When talking about fluid mechanics, it is inevitable to think of the Navier-Stokes equations. They are the most general way to describe a fluid, which moves through a three-dimensional space. When trying to find analytical solutions to the differential equations that are proposed, most of the time they will not be analytical, and it is necessary to use numerical methods to estimate the behavior of the fluid; however, this has its own limitations depending on the computer used as support (if one is desired to use one), the programming of the solutions to the differential equation (which most of the time will not be easy to do) and, of course, the level of mathematics that is known influences the efficiency of the development of the problem.Ítem Prototipo de medición de partículas energéticas e interfaz de guía para el usuario(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) El masri Ustariz, Felipe Andrés; Esperanza del pilar, Infante Luna; Barón Aldana, Andrés Rubén; Esperanza del pilar,Infante Luna [0000-0002-8334-2668]In this learning project, the aim was to design, build, and calibrate a circuit capable of detecting ionizing radiation using Arduino and radioactive sources available at the Physics Laboratory of Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. This project included developing a functional prototype, programming an interactive system, and creating a user guide. The designed system utilized detectors such as the Geiger-Müller tube and the BPW34 semiconductor. These sensors were integrated into a circuit that amplified very small signals, enabling their reading through Arduino. The circuit was calibrated using known sources like Cesium-137 and Radium-226, with results presented in radioprotection units such as μSv/h. The project also explored the effectiveness of the BPW34 in detecting gamma rays and X-rays, though it was noted that silicon semiconductors face limitations with such high-energy particles. Experimentally, measurements were taken for X-rays and gamma rays, evaluating the sensitivity of the detectors and establishing calibration factors to convert counts into equivalent dose rates. The Arduino interface allowed real-time visualization of the collected data, facilitating analysis. The results showed that increasing measurement time reduces errors, highlighting the importance of temporal stability in detection systems. The thesis concluded that the prototype serves as a solid foundation for future projects, encouraging improvements in both hardware and software and promoting hands-on learning in radioprotection and electronicsÍtem Aplicación y entendimiento de las ciencias (física) en zonas rurales dentro del Programa Viva la Escuela del Ministerio de Educación Nacional: Fenómenos astronómicosAyala Lizarazo, José Manuel; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarColombia is a diverse country with significant disparities between its rural and urban areas, particularly in terms of education. In this context, the Ministry of National Education presents the "Tutoring Program for Learning and Comprehensive Training" (also known as "PTA FI 3.0"), aimed at supporting educational institutions. This specific case involves the Rural Educational Institution Granjas Infantiles, located in the municipality of Copacabana, Antioquia.The main objectives of the program are the development of various activities, such as classroom support, which differs from those commonly seen in urban areas, as well as assistance in leveling educational outcomes to address the specific needs within the community. Additionally, the program focuses on reinterpreting school spaces through potential centers of interest. All of these efforts are concentrated on primary school students, specifically in the area of mathematics.This report highlights the support provided to the educational institution, which has contributed to the professional development of teachers within the school, as well as benefiting both educators and students. It also reflects the significant learning drawn from the differences in institutional dynamics. Among the challenges faced was the presence of students who, despite being older, lacked basic reading and writing skills, which in turn hindered progress in other subjects. This situation required remedial education to ensure the students' academic progression, as these foundational skills are crucial for their continued learning. The program aimed to provide focused interventions that are often not possible in regular academic settings due to time constraints in the classroom.Throughout the report, the characteristics and context of the institution’s surrounding environment are detailed, along with the activities conducted for the benefit of the students. Challenges, achievements, and key learnings are also discussed, such as the need to extend the time dedicated to volunteer efforts in order to ensure adequate follow-up on each student’s progress throughout the school year. This is necessary both for meeting the objectives set by the teacher-in-training and for achieving the goals of the PTA FI 3.0 program—goals which are vital for the future of education in Colombia. Furthermore, significant insights were gained regarding the importance of creating and promoting spaces that strengthen and improve educational institutions.Ítem Estudio de espesor para resinas AZ-1518 y AZ-nLOF2035 a partir de medidas ópticas multi-interfaz mediante elipsometría espectralSánchez Arroyave, Irene; Ortíz Salamanca, Henry Mauricio; Rodríguez Hernández , HernánThe microlithographic process for circuits with photosensitive resins requires understanding their behavior under laboratory conditions, as the layer thickness depends on the viscosity, liquid density, and rotation speed. This study focuses on the resins AZ-1518 and AZ-nLOF2035, using the spin-coating method, which ensures uniform deposition without tangential forces. It is essential to establish a specific calibration curve for laboratory conditions, as the curves provided by manufacturers may not fit these conditions. Spectral ellipsometry is the experimental technique used to characterize the samples, allowing for the measurement of optical constants and the determination of layer thickness. Through the New Amorphous model, a fit with remarkable statistical goodness is achieved, adapting to various environmental conditions. The research seeks to relate the layer thickness to the centrifuge revolutions to optimize the lithographic process.Ítem Aproximación a la enseñanza de las ciencias (física) en el contexto rural dentro del programa tutorías para el aprendizaje y la formación integral del Ministerio de Educación Nacional: experiencias con cohetes(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Murillo Aristizábal, Israel Alejandro; Arcos Martínez , Fabio OmarThis thesis is developed within the framework of the internship carried out at the Gerardo Arias Ramírez Educational Institution, John F. Kennedy campus, in Villamaría, Caldas, as part of the Tutorías para el Aprendizaje y la Formación Integral (PTAFI 3.0) program of the Ministry of National Education (MEN). The experience took place in a rural setting with the aim of strengthening the teaching of exact sciences in basic education through active and innovative pedagogical strategies. The main objective of this internship was to recognize and improve the teaching of physics in primary education, fostering scientific curiosity through experiments and the construction of devices such as hydraulic rockets. To achieve this, activities focused on experiential learning were developed, using simple materials and methodologies that encouraged active student participation. Among the activities carried out, experimental workshops were implemented as part of the Experimentos infantiles desde la física (Children’s Experiments in Physics) project. These workshops included the exploration of physical phenomena through simulations and the construction of models such as paper airplanes and helicopters. Additionally, reinforcement activities in mathematics and literacy were conducted to complement the students' learning process. A central aspect was the integration of teaching strategies adapted to the rural context, allowing learning to be connected to the students’ real-life experiences. There was a notable improvement in the children’s participation and interest, as reflected in their motivation to engage in practical activities and their curiosity about physical phenomena. Furthermore, the educational community, including teachers and families, was actively involved in the learning process. Additionally, an analysis of the impact of these strategies on students' academic and social development was conducted, identifying both the progress made and the challenges encountered in the educational context. This analysis allowed for the proposal of improvements in the implementation of educational programs in rural areas and highlighted the importance of pedagogical support in these environments. As a result of this experience, significant progress was made in student learning, promoting the development of scientific skills through experimental methodologies. The internship allowed for the identification of specific challenges in teaching physics at the primary level and the adaptation to the conditions of the environment. The need to strengthen access to adequate educational resources and to promote innovative strategies that motivate students was evident. Finally, the positive impact of the experimental workshops and the documentation of the experience provide a valuable reference for future interventions in rural education.Ítem Aproximación a la enseñanza de las ciencias (física) en el contexto rural dentro del programa Viva la Escuela del Ministerio de Educación nacional: acercamiento básico a estática, dinámica, mecánica y fluidos(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Combita González, Jhoan Andrés; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThis undergraduate thesis was developed within the framework of an internship conducted in Anapoima, Cundinamarca, as part of the "Prácticas para la Formación Integral" program of the National Ministry of Education (MEN). The experience took place in a rural setting with the aim of strengthening the teaching of exact sciences in primary and secondary education through pedagogical strategies adapted to the community. The main objective of this internship was to design and implement innovative teaching strategies that facilitate the understanding of natural science concepts, with a focus on integral education. To achieve this, lessons on physical phenomena were developed using active methodologies such as experimentation and the use of recyclable materials, promoting meaningful learning. Specific activities were designed to align with different educational levels, reinforcing key concepts and encouraging classroom participation. Assessments were implemented to measure student progress and adjust teaching strategies accordingly. Additionally, reinforcement sessions were conducted for students facing difficulties, fostering an equitable learning environment. A central aspect of the project was the implementation of centers of interest, a strategy that connected learning with students' real-life experiences. Experimental and hands-on activities were organized to stimulate curiosity and critical thinking. These activities included measuring physical magnitudes in their surroundings, analyzing data in statistical problems, and solving contextualized mathematical situations. The active participation of students demonstrated an improvement in both motivation and comprehension of the topics covered. Furthermore, an analysis of rural education in Colombia was conducted from a normative perspective, reviewing the guidelines that shape teaching in these contexts. Similar internship experiences were compared to identify differences and propose strategies that contribute to improving education in rural communities. This allowed for the identification of challenges and the formulation of solutions to enhance educational processes. As a result of this experience, effective pedagogical strategies were identified to improve the teaching of mathematics and physics in rural environments. The adaptation of active methodologies and the contextualization of content proved to be key factors in successful learning. The implementation of centers of interest enhanced teaching in a more meaningful and applied manner, improving student performance and participation. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of designing flexible and context-aware pedagogical strategies for rural education. The internship in Anapoima provided an opportunity to apply disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge while fostering a critical reflection on the challenges and opportunities of teaching in these settings. This work aims to contribute to the improvement of rural education through effective didactic strategies.Ítem Caracterización vibracional del nanocompuesto de TiO2/Ag a partir de su síntesis por impregnación húmedaRivera Montealegre, Ian Nicólas; Ortíz Salamanca, Henry Mauricio; Rozo Balcero, Ana PatriciaMetal oxide-based substrates, such as TiO2, have attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their high amplification capacity and chemical stability. In addition, the addition of silver nanoparticles to the substrate, forming the TiO2@Ag nanocomposite, is of interest to the industry because it can increase the catalytic capabilities of the material and generate a SERS plasmonic resonance effect. Therefore, this research work focuses primarily on studying the vibrational properties of the TiO2 composite with silver nanoparticles, as well as its precursor, the commercial material Degussa P-25, and characterizing its Raman spectroscopy starting from the chemical synthesis of the substrate. To achieve this objective, the chemical synthesis technique called wet impregnation was used, which allows the preparation of homogeneous substrates with high purity and particle size control. Structural and optical studies of the substrate were then carried out using spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). This allowed the characteristic peaks of the anatase phase of TiO2 to be observed, together with the appearance of an unusual peak at 50 cm−1, not previously reported in the literature. This peak was observed both in the Degussa P25 base material and in the nanocomposite samples, although its intensity is greater in the latter. Additionally, the analyses carried out suggest the possible interference of peaks from the silver formed in clusters, which suggests an effect of increasing the intensity of the unusual peak in the nanocomposite spectra. One of the samples was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the presence of the anatase, rutile and silver nanoparticle phases. XRD results show that it contains a combination of these three species, in agreement with comparisons with theoretical diffractograms. Also, variations in molar concentration and temperature control during the synthesis process were shown to have an influence on the particle size.Ítem Efecto de la presión mecánica en el atrapamiento celular en el ciclo de envejecimiento de poblaciones Single-Cell de S. cerevisiae(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Rozo Bautista, Francisco Steven; Herreño Fierro, Cesar Aurelio; Pedraza Leal, Juan Manuel; Herreño Fierro, Cesar Aurelio [0000-0003-2394-4322]Aging is a complex and important biological phenomenon to understand the structure of life, defined as a natural process in which many cellular functions change, evidencing deterioration due to the passage of time. This has been a field of great interest for study since slowing down aging means lengthening the life cycle and preventing many diseases that are generated as a result of it. In this work, specific results were obtained on the incidence of mechanical pressure on yeast cells in aging studies at the “Single-Cell level” by means of a microfluidic device called Mother Machine, which allows the analysis of aging and its changes over time by varying the pressure along with other parameters. The aging study is performed at both chronological and replicative levels. The execution is carried out in stages ranging from the construction of the microfluidic device, obtaining the cell sample to be studied, the experiment and obtaining the data to be analyzed, and finally the processing and analysis of the results obtained at the replicative level. In the second line of analysis, the diffusion in the cell as a result of chronological aging is analyzed with specific experimental arrangements with GEM'S.Ítem Astrofotografía y divulgación científica en el Observatorio Astronómico Cazadora de Eclipses en el Desierto de la Tatacoa(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Camargo Díaz, Daniel Santiago; Suárez Torres, Edilberto; Rojas Narváez, Diana; Suárez Torres, Edilberto [0000-0002-7582-1108]This degree work in internship mode was developed at the Observatory Astronomical Hunter of Eclipses, located in the Tatacoa Desert, and its main objective of scientific dissemination through astronomical observation and astrophotography. For six months, various activities were carried out such as management and maintenance of telescopes, organization of astronomical observation sessions, and development of presentations for the general public, which allowed astronomical knowledge to be brought closer to visitors from different levels of experience. In addition, astrophotography techniques were delved into, using both the afocal technique and other more advanced ones, capturing images of celestial bodies such as Saturn, Jupiter and the Via Dairy. Through these activities, it was possible to promote interest in astronomy and conservation of the dark sky, a resource threatened by light pollution. Likewise, we worked on research projects on the cosmogony of the communities indigenous people of the Tatacoa Desert, contributing to the cultural and educational development of the observatory. The results obtained not only allowed practical learning of astronomy and astrophotography, but also a growth in communication and dissemination skills, making scientific knowledge accessible to a wide and diverse public.Ítem Diseño de una unidad de enseñanza potencialmente significativa en relación a los elementos orbitales de asteroides.(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Villagran Chavarro , Jaime Alonso; Cardona Rodríguez , GiovanniSince prehistoric times asteroids have been a mystery to mankind, for thousands of years initially as a mythology and from the nineteenth century there is evidence of its existence and its characteristics is why this work is proposed as a strategy to knowledge and acquisition of concepts related to these celestial bodies, the design of a potentially significant unit for learning the orbital elements in asteroids as the main objective of these units is to achieve meaningful learning in students, Therefore, in order to achieve this, methodologies and strategies are proposed mainly to identify the previous knowledge of students and then follow a didactic sequence in the construction of the UEPS, making use of the theory of meaningful learning based on the idea of experience and ideas, the other mechanisms such as technological tools can help us to have a meaningful teaching and learning, which is the end. Therefore, learning the concepts and characteristics of the orbital elements of asteroids allows for meaningful knowledge.Ítem Simulación Monte Carlo para determinar la dosis absorbida en agua de referencia con calidad de radiación de Co-60 utilizada para la calibración de sistemas dosimétricos en el Laboratorio Secundario de Calibración Dosimétrica en Colombia(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) León Carvajal, Diana Catherine; Munévar Espitia, Edwin; Munévar Espitia, Edwin [0000-0002-0578-7717]The Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) of the Colombian Geological Service (SGC) provides calibration services for dosimetric systems used in external beam radiotherapy. The calibration method is based on the Technical Reports Series No. 469, which describes the experimental setup consisting of a reference beam produced by a Hopewell Designs irradiation system containing a Co-60 radioactive source and a water phantom. The purpose of the calibration is to ensure the traceability of dosimetric measurements to the International System of Units. To characterize the national reference radiation beam and optimize the accuracy in determining the absorbed dose rate in water (Ḋw), the Monte Carlo method is employed using TOPAS MC. A detailed simulation of the technical and reference conditions present at SSDL is performed, analyzing beam profiles and percentage depth dose with a Farmer-type ionization chamber to assess the homogeneity of the irradiation field. The simulation results show that Compton scattering is the predominant interaction mechanism, validating the dosimetric system configuration. Additionally, the obtained uncertainties are approximately 3%, close to the tolerance limit established by Venselaara, Welleweerdb, and Mijnheerc. The qualitative comparison between the simulated and experimental beam profiles and PDD curves supports the accuracy of the Monte Carlo method in characterizing the reference beam at SSDL. These preliminary findings suggest that the simulation is on the right track and provide a solid basis for improving dosimetric calibration procedures.Ítem Establecimiento del programa de entrenamiento en protección radiológica y uso seguro de materiales radiactivos para integrantes del órgano regulador en Colombia(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Bastidas Opayome, Cristian Camilo; Munévar Espitia, Edwin; Munévar Espitia, Edwin [0000-0002-0578-7717]The objective of the project entitled “Establishment of the Training Program in Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radioactive Materials for Members of the Regulatory Body in Colombia” was to develop a comprehensive training course for new members and retraining for the personnel of the Grupo de Licenciamiento y Control (GLyC) of the Servicio Geoloógico Colombiano (SGC). To achieve this, the courses of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Energy, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) were used as a basis, complemented with an exhaustive review of regulatory and technical documents. The training program was structured in modules that addressed fundamental concepts of radioactivity, current Colombian regulations, analysis of regulatory procedures, evaluation of procedures and the safe use of radiation measuring devices. The results included the creation of didactic materials to support the training process, the design of evaluation strategies and the establishment of guidelines for the continuous updating of the program.Ítem Revisión sistemática en física. Estudio de caso: Relación entre la relatividad general y el electromagnetismo clásicoEspaña Camargo, Brayan Alexis; Chacón Cardona, César AlexanderThe present work applies and adopts the methodological tool of Systematic Review for its use in the field of Physics, taking as a case the relationship between General Relativity and Electromagnetism. The objectives of the study include: To understand the Systematic Review in the scientific field; To propose a methodology for its application in Physics; To promote its use in specific topics; To apply it to the mentioned study; To highlight its advantages; and To determine the current lines of research in this field. The methodology is structured in three fundamental phases: Planning, Realization and Documentation, each with sub-phases that guarantee the rigor and transparency of the process. The results show a prominent focus on the modeling of black holes and cosmology, evidencing an increase in international collaboration for research in the integration between the fundamental interactions; electromagnetic and relativistic gravitational. In conclusion, this study underscores the effectiveness of the Systematic Review in synthesizing and critically analyzing the scientific literature, recognizing research topics in Physics that require further exploration and are already underway, providing a solid foundation for future studies in the field.Ítem Explorando sistemas en búsqueda del equilibrio: Una propuesta innovadora para la enseñanza de la FísicaPérez Ardila, Dayanna; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThis work proposes an approach to teaching physics based on the concept of equilibrium systems, providing an innovative alternative that significantly contributes to the didactics of physical sciences. The research uses equilibrium in systems as a bridge between scientific theory and students' everyday experiences, addressing a recurrent disconnection between physics content and students' realities a gap that often leads to a lack of interest and comprehension difficulties. The didactic proposal is structured around well-established pedagogical approaches, such as Action Research, Project-Based Learning (PBL), and Constructivist Learning Environments (CLE). Through these approaches, experimental modules focused on equilibrium systems were developed, featuring practical activities like the rotating lamp and colored flames. These activities allow students to engage with fundamental physics concepts, such as negative feedback and energy transfer, in a dynamic and participatory learning environment. The methodology included implementing the modules in a control group to assess their impact on students' understanding and interest. The results showed that students significantly improved their comprehension of equilibrium and system dynamics concepts. Additionally, there was an increase in their motivation toward physics, along with a strengthening of critical and reflective skills essential for scientific learning. In summary, this study introduces an innovative strategy for teaching physics, demonstrating that using equilibrium systems and experimental activities in the classroom can profoundly transform the educational experience. By bringing physical concepts closer to students' realities, meaningful learning and sustained interest in the discipline are fostered, reaffirming the relevance of physics in the context of everyday life.Ítem Caracterización microestructural de una película delgada basada en nitruro de titanio resistente a corrosión de alta temperaturaGonzález González, Juan David; Díaz Vergara, Dayron Stivens; Monroy Cañon, Ignacion Alberto; Monroy Cañon, Ignacio Alberto [0000-0001-8742-0531]This project will focus on characterizing titanium-based thin films that cover the valves used in an internal combustion engine converted to compressed natural gas vehicle used in a project carried out at the UPTC university. In this case, the thin films will be recreated by means of the “SPUTTERING” technique by magnetron trying to maintain the conditions proposed in the UPTC work. The coatings will be analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to determine the crystalline structure, lattice parameter, crystalline size, microtress and crystallographic texture coefficient. In addition, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) will be used to observe the elemental chemical composition and optical microscopy (OM) to observe the surface condition of the film.