Licenciatura en Física
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/44
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Ítem Análisis de tendencias de pensamiento sobre la acción docente de profesores de física: un estudio de casoJiménez Vega, Diego Alexander; Castiblanco Abril, Olga Lucia; Castiblanco Abril, Olga Lucia [0000-0002-8069-0704]Among the most common teaching tendencies among teachers is the traditional one due, in general, to a lack of knowledge about the ways to transform the pedagogical routine by alternative didactic proposals and also by the pressure and rigidity of the educational system. That is why this work investigates and characterizes the reflections and lines of teaching thought in the way in which a group of physics teachers assume the teaching and learning processes. These teachers are part of a course entitled "Teaching Action in the Physics Class" within the framework of a Specialization in Physics Teaching, offered by a public university in Colombia. The reflections were compiled in a twelve-question questionnaire, whose answers will be analyzed with a qualitative approach through descriptive statistics and content analysis to characterize teaching trends, taking as main reference two master's theses previously developed within the Research Group on Teaching and Learning of Physics. It is concluded that there is a diversity of ways of exercising traditional teaching, as well as a tendency to want to no longer be traditional without finding ways to change.Ítem Estrategia de enseñanza para la transformación de la energía solar y la energía química del agua en energía eléctricaPardo Pardo, Luz Alejandra; Rodríguez Escucha, Nancy Astrid; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarAlternative energies have emerged in response to the growing need to generate electrical energy with energy sources other than traditional fossil energies that have caused environmental deterioration to increase significantly. Teaching alternative energies not only provides the knowledge necessary to address this challenge, but also encourages critical thinking by developing environmental awareness. This degree work proposes an interdisciplinary approach to teach the transformation of solar energy and water chemistry into electrical energy, integrating physical, chemical, pedagogical and didactic concepts. The main objective of this research is to design and build teaching strategies that promote the understanding of physical and chemical phenomenologies underlying these transformation processes, using a qualitative methodology in order to establish a case study taking into account the construction of theoretical references to be able to support and implement the experimental part of each of the phenomena studied. In order to develop the teaching material necessary for the application of the knowledge acquired through the implementation of practical activities in the classroom. The transformation of solar energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect and the conversion of the chemical energy of water into electricity through electrolysis become a teaching method about the law of conservation of energy. Through the study and investigation of the photovoltaic effect, important phenomenologies in physics can be addressed, such as the electromotive force (EMF), the theory of semiconductors and the band model, which were used in the development of the research as explanatory models of the transformation of solar energy. Likewise with the physical and chemical study of the entire transformation of the chemical energy of water through the foundation of electrolysis and the reduction and oxidation (redox) processes. It is possible to establish fundamental variables that directly affect the operation of the solar cells, such as the area, the light intensity, the material of the cells and the wavelength of the light, this result is given after all the close review. of the disciplinary references that underpin the conversion of solar energy. Likewise, thanks to the study carried out, comprehensive teaching resources can be built to ensure that the pedagogical strategy is effective in identifying and correcting misleading notions about the energy transformations to be worked on.Ítem Sísmica de refracción para caracterización de suelo en terreno destinado a la construcción de laboratorios de física para la Universidad Distrital Sede Macarena BRuiz Cardenas, Ariel; Flórez Pérez, Jose ManuelOn the premises of the Francisco José De Caldas District University, Macarena B Campus, the construction of the Physics Laboratories is presented as a future project. And for all types of construction, geophysical studies are required that comply with the regulations of the Colombian Design and Construction Regulations (Earthquake Resistant -NSR-10). Within this regulation, the geophysical study is required with the Seismic Refraction and Seismic Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves MASW methods in order to determine the values of P and S wave velocity of the subsoil. and with these results a contribution is given on the soil conditions for the project in the already mentioned area.Ítem Diseño, producción y caracterización de una fuente de campo magnético para experimentos mokeDe la rosa Hernández, Richard Alfredo; Herreño Fierro, César Aurelio; César Aurelio Herreño Fierro [0000-0003-2394-4322]The development of Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) experiments in various magnetic configurations necessitates the design, fabrication, and calibration of a magnetic field source, among other things. This source is developed in this work for the development of MOKE experiments at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas' optical characterization laboratory.Ítem Introducción al movimiento parabólico a partir de la integración del malabarismoRodriguez Rodriguez, Juan David; Castiblanco Abril, Olga LuciaThis work presents an alternative methodology to the traditional teaching of physics, based on juggling as a strategy for studying parabolic movement. A qualitative methodology was used with the content analysis technique, based on two surveys administered to students and the development of two class sessions. We worked with 35 tenth grade students between 15 and 17 years old from a private school in the town of Bosa in Bogotá. The design of the strategy was based on the dimensional perspective of physics teaching, which made it possible to involve the teacher's passions, which in this case is juggling, with their professional practice, and also provides a structure for the preparation of the contextualized class. for example, devising a discrepant type experiment and a physics mathematization sequence. The initial ideas of the students regarding the parabolic movement are identified through the application of a questionnaire, to articulate their ideas with the pedagogy of juggling, in which the students learned the basic throws while internalizing concepts of the parabolic movement. It was found that juggling provided learning environments to understand that parabolic movement is composed of the superposition of a horizontal and a vertical movement. We can also affirm that when students take an active role in classes, their mental models tend to develop towards the established explanatory models of science. Finally, it is worth highlighting that the strategy of addressing the contents through activities associated with the circus facilitates the integration of all students, including those with cognitive functional diversity.Ítem Síntesis de conductores mixtos de Sm0.5Ba0.5CoO3-delta y caracterización como cátodos de celdas de combustible de óxido solidoCastiblanco Cuvides, Paula Andrea; Ortiz Salamanca, Henry MauricioIn the present work, the morphological, structural and electrical characteristics of nanostructured oxides of Sm_{0.5}Ba_{0.5}CoO_{3-δ} and Sm_{0.5}Ba_{0.5}CoO_{3-δ}- composites were studied. Ce_{0.8}Gd_{0.2}O_{1.9} to be used as possible candidates for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC). For the preparation of the electrolyte, Nextech Materials powders were used, which were pressed uniaxially to achieve a high initial density, calcined at 1400°C, using a high-temperature oven located in the condensed matter laboratory of the University of Los Angeles. Andes and was sanded uniformly for due analysis. For the synthesis of the cathode, the mixtures of samarium, barium and cobalt nitrates were made, by means of the liquid mix method, with the obtained material the filtration and calcination process was carried out in order to obtain nanostructured powders, which were later They were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thus confirm if they presented the structural and morphological characteristics initially proposed, to meet the objectives of this work. In the structural characterization of the material, the Rietveld method was used, adjusting by the least squares method and obtaining quite satisfactory refinement results with respect to the synthesis method, these samples were passed through the scanning electron microscope, Quanta 200 of the National University , obtaining micrographs for SBCO450 and SBCO850 with an average diameter of 450 nm to 550 nm, defined in chapter III section 5. With the nanostructured cathodes obtained with adequate adhesion to the electrolyte, the polarization resistance was minimized, for this it was necessary to measure the resistance of the electrode in different preparation conditions by means of EIS, in a symmetrical cell configuration [cathode/electrolyte/cathode]. at temperatures between 500°C and $750°C. The resistance of the electrode as a function of temperature was determined and the performance of the cathode was correlated with its microstructure, evaluated by DRX and MEB. An activation energy value between 13.26 eV and 15.47eV was obtained, relating how fast the reaction occurs in the cell and thus following an equivalent PCR circuit with a Warburg Ws element, which describes mass transport and a double layer capacitances (layers with opposite polarity), for the description of charge transfer processes. At the end, the conclusions of the work carried out are detailed, thus analyzing the compatibility, operation and applicability of this sample as a possible candidate for solid oxide fuel cells at intermediate temperatures.Ítem Enseñanza de la física en la formación de docentes en física de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas en tiempos de pandemiaSánchez Franco, Luis Daniel; Bertel Gómez, Estefanía; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThe health emergency generated by the proliferation of the COVID-19 virus affected all spheres of society, including education. Teachers play a vital role during the pandemic. Well, we assumed the task of generating educational processes at all levels and this was seen as an opportunity to transform the usual teaching model. How did this process occur at the university level and in the training of physics teachers? The present work explores the representations that the students of the last semesters of the Francisco José de Caldas District University have regarding the classes mediated by the Internet and the didactics used by the teachers of the subjects of the degree, A mixed methodology was used in which a survey was carried out on the students and a non-participant observation by the authors of the present research, this with the aim of interpreting the processes carried out in the teaching of physics to teachers in training during the pandemic. The results obtained provide information on the changes that occurred in teaching methodologies in times of pandemic, allowing us a clearer vision of the adaptations and resources used to teach future physics teachers at the university.Ítem Estudio de los niveles de radiación solar ultravioleta a partir de medidas obtenidas con un sistema de adquisición de datosTorres Gómez, Diego Arley; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo [0000-0003-2301-8732]UV-B radiation is a component within the spectrum of solar radiation, especially characterized by its energetic level due to its short wavelengths. Although it is a small fraction, less than 7% of the global incident solar radiation, it is not totally absorbed by the ozone layer, as is believed, so it can reach the earth's surface without difficulty. UV-B radiation is responsible for producing erythema when there is prolonged exposure to it, it also affects animal and plant species in biological processes, mainly modifying their DNA. For this reason, a study of UV-B radiation levels was carried out using a data acquisition system located at the Macarena B campus of the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. The data obtained belong to the month of February 2022, which were acquired by a virtual instrument (IV) developed in LabVIEW, and complemented with a virtual sub-instrument that allows reading data by data of each day, in order to obtain the average, maximum and minimum values of UV-B radiation intensity day by day and from there for the whole month. Likewise, the IV has the possibility to generate a daily and monthly report including data tables and representative graphs.Ítem Herramienta computacional para espectroscopia elipsométricaLoaiza García, Deicy Johanna; Herreño Fierro, César Aurelio; Herreño Fierro, César Aurelio [0000-0003-2394-4322]The analysis of ellipsometric spectroscopy data requires computational tools that facilitate the calculations corresponding to the theoretical simulation of the spectral optical response of the system under study, as well as those corresponding to the comparison between the optical models and the experimental data. In this direction, the present work develops a computational tool, specifically a python web application written with Django for the Backend and the Javascript framework VUE for the frontend. Which has the ability to analyze isotropic materials using the Transfer Matrix Method and includes the possibility of implementing Efective Medium Theories and Optical Dispersion Models, in addition to a comparison machine between theoretical and experimental data using the goodness of fit (GOF), determined by the Chi square valueÍtem Aproximación a la enseñanza de las ciencias (Física) en el contexto rural dentro del programa Viva la Escuela del Ministerio de Educación Nacional: conducción eléctricaMuñoz Fagua, Wilmar Mauricio; Arcos Martinez, Fabio OmarThis culminating internship report brings with it a valuable and exhaustive exploration of science teaching in rural environments, through the immersion and active participation of the intern in the rural educational institution Héctor Julio Rangel Quintero, specifically at its San Martín headquarters. Two. The primary purpose of this document is to present a complete and enriching perspective on rural pedagogy, highlighting the implementation of novel approaches, an introspective and critical analysis of the educational reality in rural areas, and a set of strategic recommendations with a view to enhancing quality. education in these areas. The essence of this report lies in its intrinsic contribution to reducing educational disparities that have historically prevailed between cities and rural areas in our country.Ítem Aproximación a la enseñanza de las ciencias (Física) en el contexto rural dentro del programa Viva La Escuela del Ministerio de Educación Nacional: Didáctica y experimentación de la óptica, la mecánica de fluidos y la astronomíaHernández Farfan, Hidier Andrés; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarEducation in rural schools in Colombia has different structures and methodologies than in urban schools in the country; this document describes the actions and experiences presented by a physics teacher in training, during the course of the internship conducted through the program "VIVA LA ESCUELA" of the Ministry of National Education, at the Educational Institution La Estrella, at the headquarters Las Delicias, located in the village of Las Delicias in the municipality of Norcasia Caldas. The objective of the internship was to involve the trainee teacher in the configuration of the Escuela Nueva model in a multigrade classroom. The challenge was to adapt the activities planned for all grades, not only in the area of science, but also in other areas such as Spanish, English, social studies, mathematics, among others. The main objective of the program is to make the school the epicenter of social and cultural transformation, and thus recover its central and community role with a pedagogical approach of dialogic learning and successful educational performances. The report describes the characteristics of the school and its context, the intentional activities that were carried out, the tensions and achievements that were experienced, the pedagogical and content learning that was obtained, and the recommendations that are made for future interventions.Ítem El abordaje fenomenológico en el proceso de matematización de la física para la enseñanzaParamero Arias, Kevin Felipe; Castiblanco Abril, Olga Lucía; 0000-0001-8374-5603The mathematization of physics for teaching is a field of research specific to the didactics of physics, which, from the framework that underpins this work, can be developed in three stages, articulating the dimensional perspective of the didactics of physics in each of these stages. The initial stage is called the phenomenological approach; when investigating precedents in this type of characterization, it is found that they are practically nonexistent, which is why we want to delve into this process, trying to characterize what the phenomenological approach would consist of in the physics classroom. In order to fulfill the research purpose, an intervention-type action research is proposed, which is structured in two stages: an observation stage aimed at developing a first approach to the type of activities that would be appropriate for studying the phenomenological approach process, and a classroom intervention stage, where a process is developed that allows us to collect data in order to propose the characteristics. Based on the above, the intervention was carried out by implementing one of the experimentation typologies which provides the appropriate environment for analysis and reflection on the occurrence of a phenomenon. Students manage to relate experimentation to a particular phenomenon, and from a stimulation inherent to a certain typology of experimentation, students come to conceive the existence of the physical phenomenon and the possibilities of studying it. The main identified characteristics were understanding the phenomenon as unique and universal, comprehending which variables influence it and what relationships exist between these variables, developing around this explanation a whole technical and coherent language capable of describing the behavior of the physical phenomenon.Ítem Redes neuronales cuánticasLeon Leon, Mariana Alejandra; Arias Carranza, Loubsan Martin; Giraldo Acuña, Juan CarlosThe teaching of physics today is linked to the developments that occur in computing, therefore, cannot ignore that from neural networks are developing new technologies and evolving in terms of artificial intelligence. Physics has adopted these systems in order to be able to make data processes, system analysis, image processing and signal classification more optimally applied in fields such as optics, astronomy, quantum mechanics, among others. A parallel relationship has been created between neural networks and quantum computing, therefore, this paper seeks to investigate and deepen within these structures and establish the links that exist with quantum formalism.Ítem Diseño de una unidad de enseñanza potencialmente significativa enfocada al método de tránsito para la detección de exoplanetasRomero Vela, Angie Karolina; Cardona Rodríguez, GiovanniThe objective of this work is to Design a Potentially Significant Teaching Unit (UEPS) for learning the exoplanet detection method transit. In order to be a support instrument for the teacher in the didactics of Astronomy looking for a meaningful learning by the students. The UEPS consists of eight sequential aspects of problem-situations, beginning with an inventory of concepts, which are multiple-choice questions for students of the Stars and Exoplanets elective at Francisco José de Caldas University. The results obtained will be analyzed through Hake's normalized Gain and Bao's concentration factor, determining AC patterns, which will allow evidencing or evaluating the UEPS designed in this work.Ítem Elaboración de una guía para el desarrollo de montajes experimentales y descripción del funcionamiento del Microscopio Nanosurf EasyScan 2 de los laboratorios de Física de la Facultad de Ciencias y Educación de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José De Caldas.Rivera Rincón, Fredy Giovanny; Ortiz Salamanca, Henry Mauricio; Barón Aldana, Andrés RubénThe degree work developed as an internship was designed to allow experimental practices using the easyScan 2 STM using microscope, located in the Physics Laboratories of the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. The main purpose is to provide teachers and students with a step-by-step guide, both in PDF format and through an explanatory video, which describes in detail the operation and instructions for the correct connection, configuration and operation of the software and hardware of the system. The easyScan 2 STM operation guide consists of two elements that represent the results of this work. Firstly, it is presented in a user manual divided into two parts. The first part is about the characteristics of the components and connectors of the parts, together with a series of useful instructions for configuration. The second part focuses on the description of the interaction with the functions of each button and the entries in the dialogue boxes and control panels, which will enable measurements to be carried out in the experiments planned with this microscope. The second complementary element of this work is an explanatory video that explain each of the parts of the system. This video provides step-by-step instructions on how to operate the microscope, including the correct connection, configuration and manipulation of the equipment. Based on the above, the development of each of the components that led the results obtained in the course of this internship is detailed.Ítem Caracterización de los saberes previos de astronomía, identificados en los docentes en formación de licenciatura en físicaMera Valverde, Daniel Felipe; Cardona Rodríguez, GiovanniThis monography presents a characterization of the previous knowledge in basic topics of astronomy of teachers in undergraduate training in physics at the Francisco José de Caldas District University. The first characterization showed that the emphasis on the notions they have regarding the teaching of the phases of the Moon would serve as an indicator for the description of the pedagogical content knowledge for the characterized group. To analyze the pedagogical content knowledge, a modified ReCo instrument was used to investigate KPC trends in natural sciences based on the ReCo matríz proposed by (Melo, Cardona, Martínez, et al., 2018), taking as startingc point the initial categorization of the guidelines in science teaching proposed by (Magnusson, Krajcik, and Borko, 1999). The methodology chosen for this purpose is qualitative - interpretive based on content analysis techniques (Fraenkel, Wallen, and Hyun, 2012). It was found that teachers in training for the bachelor’s degree in physics handle two types of pedagogical content knowledge, based on the orientation of conceptual change and directed activities. It was also evident that the conceptual elements that teachers in training use to design learning spaces are disjointed, resulting in a didactic management of models analogous to the phases of the Moon without impact on the teaching process.Ítem Desarrollo del paradigma computacional a partir de una aproximación a un algoritmo cuánticoSalas Hernández, Jessica Paola; López Talero, PacoDevelopment of the computational paradigm from an approximation to a quantum algorithm corresponds to a theoretical-practical work approached from the perspective of Physics, mainly based on quantum mechanics, studying in particular the construction of quantum circuits. Subsequently, the reproduction of the algorithm in a computer program will be worked, for this a conceptual basis on programming is used that aims to provide the necessary tools to understand the process of construction of said program until it reaches it's execution.Ítem Diseño de una metodología experimental para la captura de imágenes hiperespectrales y su uso en la determinación de propiedades ópticas en muestras de la industria agrícola y energéticaArdila Useda, José David; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo [0000-0003-2301-8732]Traditionally, the quality of agricultural products has been evaluated by visual inspection processes and/or chemical methods. However, in many cases, these methods are inopportune and insufficient because morphological changes in foods are evident in advanced stages of their development, making it difficult to restore their quality. In addition, chemical analyses require long analysis times, are expensive and do not allow real-time results to be obtained. In this context, optical spectroscopy techniques are presented as a fast, reliable, economical and environmentally friendly alternative for quality assessment and detection of irregularities in foods. These methods allow simultaneous quantification of different physicochemical properties of a sample through its spectral signature. Coffee is a product of great interest due to its high demand worldwide, which presents different sensory modifications through its processing. Therefore, these techniques are especially useful to make predictions about its quality. In this work, a real-time colorimetric analysis methodology has been developed, tested and standardized using RGB images for the quantification of the physical quality of cherry coffee during its processing. To this end, the chromatic information obtained from RGB and hyperspectral images has been compared in order to validate the colorimetric analysis method and its accessibility from any conventional camera. All this has been achieved through the use of a segmentation and chromatic analysis algorithm developed in Python.Ítem Educación para población joven y adulta en el marco de la jornada nocturna con énfasis en física en el i.e.d. Colegio Técnico José Félix Restrepo (dinámica)Castillo Hurtado, Kevin Guillermo; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThis report reports on an internship, a type of degree work that is carried out in a state institution, in which a theoretical-practical process of social, cultural and professional approach is developed, with emphasis on the theoretical body that underpins the project. . curricular, which integrates the present; The main objective of this is to contribute to adapting and improving the methodologies and dynamics of teaching physics in the night shift of the I.E.D. José Félix Restrepo Technical School, since there was no tenured physics teacher. A proposal for curricular flexibility was designed that covers the topics suggested by the Ministry of Education and the educational institution, located in the city of Bogotá. To achieve this, a thematic development plan was structured for each cycle, in order to promote meaningful learning and encourage critical-scientific thinking in a population of older students. Different types of theoretical activities were used that relate the concepts to the daily life of the students, especially in the area of dynamics, seeking to generate greater interest and understanding from experimentation. The same methodology was implemented with students who required special education, adapting the activities and resources to meet their particular needs. An interpretation of the processes carried out was carried out. It is decided that the close relationship between the teacher and the students contributes greatly to the development of the classes, enhancing the value of each of the proposed activities. Altogether, this initiative has allowed us to enrich the teaching of physics at the institution, providing students with an educational experience adapted to their needs and enriching their understanding of this discipline.Ítem Sobre el movimiento browniano: historia, modelamiento y simulaciónOrtiz Chavarro, Sebastian David; Munévar Espitia, Edwin; Munévar Espitia Edwin [0000-0002-0578-7717]In this work, the aim is to broaden the understanding of one of the most important phenomena in statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, namely Brownian motion. Therefore, it seeks to highlight the importance of the kinetic-molecular theory of heat in the 19th and 20th centuries, considering the crucial role of debate in the development of science. Similarly, the intention is to detail the theoretical and experimental aspects that connect the Brownian motion phenomenon with the comprehension of atomic theory. Following the aforementioned, the following question arises: Is the theory established until the early 20th century adequate to accurately describe Brownian motion? Thus, the goal is to frame the Brownian motion theory from a historical, analytical, experimental, and computational perspective. This work is divided into four main parts. The first two parts focus on highlighting historical progress and analyzing in detail some of the most important articles of that time. The third part involves the execution of a scale experimental setup to confirm the ideas presented in the theory. Subsequently, a computational simulation is carried out modeling water molecules as triatomic structures instead of rigid spheres. As a result of this research, it is demonstrated that the chronological overview presented here allows for the analysis of the motion of small particles from different perspectives, within the framework of theoretical evolution. On the other hand, it is found that the mechanism proposed based on the concept described in Einstein's articles successfully replicates the random motion experienced by Brownian particles. Finally, the results obtained in the simulation demonstrate that there is no appreciable difference when modeling water molecules as rigid spheres or as triatomic structures.