Licenciatura en Física
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/44
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Ítem Valoración de la claridad atmosférica con base en medidas de radiación solar global obtenidas en el sector centro - oriente de BogotáAmado Holguin, Sergio Andres; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo [0000-0003-2301-8732]Solar radiation is the main source of energy for life on our planet, it is attenuated by different physical and chemical phenomena when interacting with the atmosphere, the study of the energy dissipated and/or transformed allows establishing an overview of the local atmospheric state, all this quantized through the atmospheric clarity index. In this sense, in this work the statistical - descriptive analysis of the atmospheric clarity index was carried out for the IDEAM BOGOTA - CENTRO station located in the central - eastern sector of Bogota in the town of La Candelaria with the purpose of comparing it first with the distribution of curves designed by Badescu in which the shape measures (kurtosis and asymmetry) for the daily atmospheric clarity index are found and second with the Iqbal scale which defines the type of day based on the atmospheric clarity index. All this development for the period between December 1, 2013 and September 30, 2018.Ítem Herramientas y otros dispositivos mecánicos: Una alternativa para la enseñanza de la físicaGarcía Sánchez, Edward Alexander; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThe present degree thesis has been developed within a framework of structured internship in the research seedbed INVESTUD CN, which belongs to the Physics Degree program in The Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas and also was guided by the internal director and had the mutual contribution of the enrolled working groups of this research seedbed. In this thesis is presented an alternative proposal to classic mechanics teaching focused on the tools and some mechanical devices, providing the physics teacher three education modulus built from inquiry process, more precisely from Project-based learning. In the modules construction there were collected the results from exploration, selection and construction of mechanical devices used in the activities presented there. In this process different questions emerged regarding the physical phenomenon which explains its functioning and subsequently were used to structure the activities and through them answer the questions. Furthemore, these questions were used to create two research instruments that were applied online due to the sanitary emergency for COVID-19; first it was created a questionnaire applied to highschool students from a school located at the south of Bogota, secondly it was created a workshop which was developed with teachers in training from the last semesters of the university. As a result of the questionnaire answers and the outcome of the workshop, there were obtained different representations that, due to the characteristics, were gather in some explanatory models and based on the interpretation given, it was formulated a hypothesis regarding how the students suggest their explanations about the physical phenomena that were presented. Consequently, it demonstrated some interesting results regarding the model formulation both in highschool students and in teachers in training, as well as the good theoretical use of concepts and laws that apply for teachers in training. On the other hand it was also presented a difficulty when explaining the physical phenomenon and how the teaching strategy presented in the modules gives more protagonism to the student in the classroom and in their learning construction. Thereby, the internship allowed the personal and professional growth from the researcher thanks to the difficulties presented during the pandemic, the use of different methodologies and the creation and use of questionnaires to evaluate.Ítem Caracterización de imágenes hiperespectrales para identificar cambios debido a agentes contaminantes en plantas mediante análisis de datosCerón Molina, Andrés Felipe; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo; Forero Chacón, Nelson Libardo [0000-0003-2301-8732]In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the characterization of physicochemical properties in plants, with the purpose of understanding and improving the specific needs of various crops. However, a disturbing issue is the accumulation of contaminants in plants due to industrial activity; therefore, in response to this concern, the proposal to use technologies based on image and data analysis to detect contaminants in crops by observing morphological changes in contaminated plants has been proposed. Multispectral imaging (MSI) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) approaches are used to obtain accurate spectral information of objects, which allows determining unique optical properties assigned to each pixel. The present work focuses on the normalization of morphological changes, specifically color variations in Calendula Officinalis and Arvensis plants when exposed to the fungi Sphaerotheca pannosa and Entyloma serotinum , which cause changes in the color of plant leaves. To carry out this characterization, an algorithmic method was developed and applied to discriminate and analyze the information in images (HSI and RGB) using colorimetric parameters, such as chroma, hue and brightness. This made it possible to categorize and differentiate the contaminated sections of marigold plants.Ítem El contexto de una institución rural a través de la enseñanza de las ciencias (Física):la luz, en el marco del programa "Viva la escuela" del Ministerio de Educación Nacional.Millan Delgado, Ruben Felipe; Arcos Martinez, Fabio OmarThe report analyzes the contribution of volunteering in the "Viva la Escuela" program of the Ministry of National Education, aimed at strengthening education in the Educational Institution "Héctor Julio Rangel Quintero" , especially in the rural headquarters "La Puerta" in Floresta. This program, supported by the "Escuela Nueva" pedagogical model, seeks to understand the socio-cultural, economic and academic context of Floresta in order to address its specific needs. The role of the volunteer is highlighted, who, as a physics teacher, actively participates in the training of students and uses evaluation tools, such as "Evaluate to Advance", to measure the impact of the program on the educational process. The report concludes with reflections and recommendations to enhance the positive impact of this educational initiative in the Floresta community.Ítem Determinación de la constante de Planck a partir del contraste del Diodo PT 202C y el espectrómetro de fibra ópticaRojas Rojas, Gustavo Adolfo; Camelo Perdomo, Laura Mercedes; Munevar Espitia, EdwinThe present work has as objective to show the innovation raised for the characterization of the Planck curve from the use of the optical fiber and the PT202C diode, being this one of the raised objectives, besides having a practical and more resistant assembly for the use of the students of the district university where the experiment of the photoelectric effect is evidenced as much in its historical advance as in its experimental advance. It shows the entire timeline to reach the discovery of Planck's constant and also to talk about this curve, it also shows the assemblies used to demonstrate the use of the optical fiber and the PT202C diode where the photoelectric effect is generated as such, The data obtained are shown in the corresponding graphs, the data were replicated at different distances with potential difference in the source that varied from 0 V to 12 V, finally we arrive at a Planck constant, in which the uncertainty is associated with the way in which the temperature data are taken.Ítem Métodos de síntesis y estudio de monocristales superconductores de Ba1−xKxBiO3 en la región subdopada: una revisión bibliográficaRincón Rojas, Dayanna Gabriela; Herreño-Fierro, César Aurelio; 0000-0003-2394-4322The objective of the present work is to present a literature review of recent investigations for superconducting Ba1-xKxBiO3 single crystals in the underdoped region of the phase diagram. This material is characterized by unconventional behavior of its thermodynamic properties and is one of the few examples of oxide-based superconductors reflecting a high superconducting transition temperature. Recent investigations have evidenced that the superconductivity of Ba1-xKxBiO3 in the underdoped region is maintained and is given by strong electron-phonon coupling following BCS theory. Although the material presents a complex reaction mechanism, electrochemical growth of molten masses is one of the most advantageous methods, due to its property to synthesize at low temperatures in order to control the volatility of potassium, the production of relatively large crystals, and the control of a uniform chemical potential. Therefore, the design variation of an experimental setup based on the molten masses method for the synthesis of Ba1-xKxBiO3 single crystals is proposed.Ítem Diseño y construcción de modelos de aviones para la enseñanza de la física de fluidosHurtado Sarmiento, Andrés David; Prieto Ospina, Andrea Ivana; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThis work was carried out within the framework of a structured and guided internship by the INVESTUD CN research group, belonging to the Physics Teaching program of the Francisco José de Caldas District University. An alternative proposal for teaching fluid mechanics is presented, which provides teachers with a didactic resource and a model for class planning based on the pedagogical approach of Project-Based Learning and inquiry processes. The proposal includes two didactic modules focused on the construction of airplane models and interaction with the environment, respectively, and offers simple prototype development activities. The development of the modules focused on the exploration and construction of setups that generated specific questions about the physical phenomenon under study, followed by a series of activities designed to answer the questions posed. Based on these questions, a series of activities were created and two research instruments were implemented, a questionnaire and a virtual workshop, applied during the COVID-19 health emergency to high school students and physics education trainee teachers, respectively. Finally, evaluation instruments were applied that allowed for enriching results for both students and physics teachers. These results were organized into various explanatory models, according to the model typology, which allowed for a series of comparisons on how students respond to physical situations and how teaching methodologies applied are effective for science teaching. These explanatory models were then analyzed to obtain an interpretation and formulation of hypotheses about how students approach their ways of thinking about physical phenomena. This demonstrates that the teaching strategy based on the modules gives greater protagonism to the student in the learning process. Overall, the internship was successfully completed thanks to the application of various classroom work modalities and the effective use of questionnaires to evaluate learning.Ítem Descripción computacional del ruido audible producido por el efecto corona en líneas de transmisión eléctrica en un ecosistema de páramoMancera Martínez, Brian Mateo; Hurtado Márquez, AlejandroThis work focuses on the corona effect and its relationship with the generation of audible noise in power transmission lines in the páramo ecosystem. It highlights the importance of meteorological conditions and geometrical configurations of the lines as the main causes of audible noise. The description of audible noise is a key parameter in the design of power transmission lines, and it has been computationally addressed through the acquisition and analysis of a significant amount of experimental data. However, it is concluded that further research is needed to acquire data and establish a precise relationship between audible noise and the characteristics of the páramo ecosystem. This work strengthens the research lines of the FISINFOR research group and provides insights for future endeavors. Additionally, it demonstrates how the training received in the Bachelor of Science in Physics enables the analysis and description of situations that occur in our daily context, setting a precedent for future investigations in this field.Ítem Evaluación cuantitativa de la deserción en los programas de posgrado en el marco del proyecto institucionalizado análisis de las causas de deserción estudiantil en los programas de posgrado de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de CaldasArias Cañón, David Felipe; Infante Luna, Esperanza del Pilar; 0000-0002-8334-2668; Infante Luna, Esperanza del Pilar [0000-0002-8334-2668]Dropout in higher education is a problem that is constantly evident in higher education institutions (I.E.S), regardless of its nature, public or private, in this regard, causes have been evaluated at the level of undergraduate programs and in that direction models and action strategies have been established; however, at the postgraduate level the information is scarce. The work carried out is framed in an institutionalized project and in particular, the proposed work plan focuses on quantitatively evaluating dropout and graduation indicators from the consolidation of the states, reported in the Academic Management System, of the students of the different postgraduate programs of the university, using the tools that Excel has. The analysis carried out made it possible to quantify the graduated students and those who are commonly called "dropouts", based on this, both the graduation and dropout rates were determined, graphically reporting the results so that each program can evaluate the temporary behavior of students. the same.Ítem Evaluación computacional de la contribución de la captura neutrónica por 14N a la dosis absorbida en una muestra de tejido enriquecido con 10BHuertas Avendaño, Hollman Alexander; Munévar Espitia, Edwin; Munévar Espitia, Edwin [0000-0002-0578-7717]Tissue is primarily made up of elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Among them, nitrogen has the largest neutron capture cross section. In a nitrogen neutron capture reaction (NNCR), an energetic proton is emitted that rapidly loses its energy along its path, and a high probability is expected that this released energy will be deposited within the tissue in question. Therefore, even if the percentage of nitrogen (by mass) is on the order of 3% in a typical tissue, its effect is significant and cannot be ignored. In this work, the 14N neutron capture reaction is simulated using the GEANT4 toolkit in order to characterize the reaction in terms of kinematic quantities, deposited energies, and secondary particle dose contribution. Finally, it was found that the absorbed dose associated with the secondary protons of the neutron capture reaction by nitrogen is between the values of 3.1×−14 Gy and 4.7×−14 Gy for energy values of the incident neutron beam between 0.025 and 1.000. eV, respectively. These values establish that the corresponding percentage value is about 17% of the total tissue-associated dose and the absorbed dose associated with secondary 14C atoms from the nitrogen neutron capture reaction is between 2.2×−15 and 3.4× −15 Gy for incident beam energies between 0.025 and 1.000 eV, respectively. These values establish that the corresponding percentage value is close to 1% of the total tissue-associated dose.Ítem Diseño y construcción de una rebobinadora eléctrica semiautomática para la enseñanza en el funcionamiento de motores trifásicosFiquitiva Hernández, Leonardo Alfonso; Flórez, José ManuelAim To promote the knowledge and skill in the rewinding phase motors through efficient experimental method to facilitate their development and learning. Comparative study methodology, with three students rewind manually and with the rewinding machine, where the results obtained at the time of making a coil for a three-phase motor is compared; Results showed a better performance in the times evaluated in students who received training and improved reliability was obtained in developing coils with the rewinding machine. Conclusion: electric semiautomatic rewinder na I bring greater efficiency to the development of a three-phase coils rewinding motor.Ítem Prospección de isla de calor urbana mediante firmas espectrales de calor en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C. en el periodo 1985-2022Ávila Sabogal, Edwin Alejandro; Martínez Pinilla Jhonathan Fabián; Munévar Espitia, Edwin; Munévar Espitia, Edwin [0000-0002-0578-7717]The urban heat island phenomenon has been studied in large cities of the world because it affects the climate, generating an increase in the effects of climate change, due to the increase of the urban area by anthropogenic processes in recent decades. This study was developed over the territory of Bogota, and its objective was to carry out a thermal prospection with spectral heat signatures between 1985 and 2022. For the analysis, Landsat satellite images provided by the U.S. Geological Survey were taken; they were processed by remote sensing techniques in two geographic information systems to compare the results obtained. It was possible to conclude that the spatiotemporal variation of urban heat islands in Bogota has increased steadily in different parts of the city during the time analyzed.Ítem Apoyo a la acreditación, estudio sobre las motivaciones en la elección de ser licenciado en física.Gerena Tovar, Pablo Andrés; Cardona Rodríguez, GiovanniThe present monograph is a categorization of the motivations that undergraduate students majoring in Physics at the Francisco José de Caldas District University have in their choice to become teachers, based on the FIT-Choice scale. To achieve this, a mixed-methods study was conducted on two populations, namely, first-semester students and last-semester students. For the first group, Sample 1 included students who were between 0% and 50% through their program, while Sample 2 included students who were between 51% and 100% through their program. This categorical study is related to both extrinsic and intrinsic motivations, showing that these students are more motivated by intrinsic motivations than extrinsic ones. It is therefore concluded that these students are potential teachers who will pursue their careers not so much for extrinsic rewards but for personal satisfactions such as contributing to society and working with children and adolescents. This could lead to a decrease in dropout rates from the program.Ítem Relación de los factores 2 y 5 de los procesos de autoevaluación en el (PCLF) que se enmarca en los procesos de educación de alta calidadGüiza Hernandez, Edinson Steven; Monroy Cañon, Ignacio AlbertoIn the search for excellence in higher education, high-quality accreditation processes have been implemented in university institutions. Accreditation processes are established by government entities, with the main objective of evaluating and improving the quality of higher education in the country. That said, self-evaluation is a fundamental pillar for the constant improvement of the quality of academic programs. The purpose of this monograph is to investigate the relationship that exists between factors 2 called Students and factor 5 called Academic Aspects and Learning Results, in the self-evaluation process of the Curricular Project of the Bachelor's Degree in Physics (PCLF) of the Francisco District University José de Caldas.Ítem Informe de pasantía titulada proyectos basados en la transformación del movimiento: como alternativa para la enseñanza de la físicaMontero Gómez, Daniela; Panche Carrillo, Jorge Luis; Arcos Martínez, Fabio OmarThe present work took place in the context of structured and guided internship work modality by the research group INVESTUDCN belonging to the curriculum project for a degree in physics at the Francisco José de Caldas District University. In this, a pedagogical proposal is presented that provides the teacher with a didactic resource and a model of class planning for teaching the transformation of the movement. This proposal is based on the pedagogical model of Project-Based Learning (ABP) and the investigation processes which serve to develop two teaching modules focused on rocket propulsion and the preservation of the amount of movement, offering activities to develop simple prototypes such as rockets and suspended sphere systems. Methodologically, the development of this proposal, mainly, is given from prototypes or assemblies related to the movement, so that, as the exploration and construction of these presents questions linked to the physical phenomenon. Secondly, a number of activities are being set up to take account of these questions, and finally, two research instruments, such as a questionnaire and a virtual workshop, applied in the framework of the health emergency of COVID-19 to high school students and teachers in physics degree training respectively. The result of implementing these instruments was to collect and group the responses of high school students and teachers in training, according to explanatory models and variables present in the way of thinking of each student. Afterwards, these models of explanation are analyzed and compared to end with the interpretation of them and the possibility of formulating hypotheses about how students apply their ways of thinking related to physical phenomena, demonstrating with it, that the teaching strategy on which the modules are based gives greater prominence to the learner.Ítem Solución de las ecuaciones de Maxwell en la materia en medios homogéneos e isotrópicos, en una, dos y tres dimensiones, implementando el método de diferencias finitas en el dominio del tiempoMelo Vargas, Stiven Orlando; Herreño-Fierro, César Aurelio; Herreño-Fierro, César Aurelio [0000-0003-2394-4322]When studying the propagation of electromagnetic fields at an arbitrary point in space, Maxwell's equations are used to relate the electric and magnetic fields, considering both temporal and spatial variations. The difficulty lies in the geometry of the problem, making it challenging to find a numerical solution and visually represent the electromagnetic field solution. That's why computational simulation is implemented as an alternative to describe the electromagnetic field in various geometries and media. The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is a computational electromagnetics modeling technique. Being a time-dependent method, the solutions cover a wide range of frequencies in a single simulation. The time-dependent Maxwell's equations for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in homogeneous and isotropic media are discretized using the FDTD method, employing central difference approximations for temporal and spatial derivatives. The resulting equations are solved by implementing the Python programming language and developing an algorithm to obtain a numerical solution to the problem, enabling animated visualizations of the physical behavior of electromagnetic waves in one, two, and three dimensions. The set of discretized equations will have boundary conditions of a perfectly electrically conducting conductor and absorbing boundary conditions at the computational limit, aiming to achieve applicability in different types of problems and obtain a numerical solution. This method offers various applications, allowing the resolution of different types of problems in multiple scientific disciplines, where it is possible to study systems and obtain quantifiable solutions for phenomena related to electromagnetic fields.Ítem Propuesta didáctica para el fortalecimiento de la enseñanza de la física basada en fenómenos a través del uso del blog interactivo en el grado décimo del Colegio Militar Liceo Social Compartir Soacha - CundinamarcaBerrío García, Yuvis Marcela; Reyes Roncancio, Jaime DuvanOne of the challenges that society poses today to the educational system and of course to teachers, is the development of creative potential, just as it is done with memory or other faculties of the human being. On many occasions, problem solving is mechanized in such a way that a student can solve a Physics problem correctly from the quantitative point of view, but does not know how to explain the essence of the phenomenon with which it is related, the laws and/or categories that support it. To achieve an adequate relationship between meanings and senses, the unity of theory with practice is essential. For this reason, with the present investigation we sought to strengthen the teaching of physics based on phenomena through the use of the blog as a pedagogical mediation tool, in the tenth grade of the Military College Liceo Social Compartir Soacha - Cundinamarca. Under a qualitative methodology, with a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, which starts from direct observation and the use of field diaries, seeking to highlight the personal experience of each one of the students, and in this way, data was collected that was not They are expressed numerically. In addition, the instruments used were direct observation accompanied by the focus group, based on field diaries and documentary review as research support. Within the findings found, difficulties in the development of scientific skills and little interest on the part of the students in their learning process were evidenced. However, after the application of the didactic strategy, significant advances were made in the cognitive part of the student, making the use of ICT tools a mechanism for strengthening educational processes.Ítem Sobre la distribución de velocidades y energías moleculares de Maxwell-Boltzmann: Desarrollo teórico - matemático, validación experimental y simulación con PythonGarcía Ulloa, Andrés Felipe; Flórez Pérez, José ManuelDuring the last quarter of the 19th century, the idea developed that heat was the manifestation of the energy produced by the movement of the molecules that make up objects. To continue delving into this idea, it was essential to understand the movement of each molecule from the Newtonian point of view, but carrying out this analysis is extremely complicated, if we take into account that in at least 1 cm^3 of air there are a number of molecules of the order of 10^19. Therefore, James Clerk Maxwell, extending the ideas of Ludwig Boltzmann, used the rules of the calculus of probabilities to model the behavior of gas molecules, creating the distribution functions of their velocities and energies. Next, the theoretical-mathematical demonstration of these functions, deduced in 1876, is presented, together with the obtaining of notable results of the kinetic molecular theory of gases, such as: the most probable speed, the mean speed, the root mean square speed, the most probable kinetic energy and the average kinetic energy per molecule. On the other hand, these theoretical functions are validated with the implementation of an experimental device. Additionally, a Python code capable of simulating the chaotic thermal movement of particles inside a gas is developed, showing their speed and energy distribution in real time.Ítem Diseño de recurso didáctico – videotutoriales – para el manejo de las herramientas ofrecidas por la Dirección de Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales y Estadísticas (DIDEE) de la Gobernación de Cundinamarca a la sociedad a través de su sitio web.Sarmiento Martínez, Laura Andrea; Salamanca Bernal, Julián Andrés; Salamanca Bernal, Julián Andrés [0000-0001-8378-4215]The Directorate of Spatial Data and Statistics Infrastructure (DIDEE) of the Government of Cundinamarca created under Ordinance 082 of 2018 of the Departmental Assembly of Cundinamarca has various functions aimed at providing tools to society through various means and one of them is their website . It is also in charge of carrying out and publishing basic and thematic economic, statistical, geospatial and cartographic studies and research, through the appropriate use of statistical systems and geographic information systems, as well as advising the dependencies and entities of the department on the matter. Among other functions. For the processing and analysis of information, it relies on the use of ArcGis software and its website is oriented to this tool. The website has been available to the public since 2017 and has been gradually fed throughout these years, having a strong boom since 2020, the year in which it was fed with a lot of varied content from applications, control panels and files in PDF format with cartographic information of the municipalities. Various entities that are related to the department, such as the secretariats of each municipality, the mayor's offices, the consulting companies and even the officials of the Government, require the information and tools provided by the Directorate for the formulation of public policies but not they have the knowledge to handle them or, in some cases, are unaware of their existence. This is also due to the constant rotation that these positions have due to changes in administration subject to the country's regional electoral processes. It has been shown that the users of this website are largely specialized consultants or students from universities in the region who carry out research on related topics or people associated with these topics who hold a position within the department. The work of the graduate in physics responds to the needs of society related to learning and the appropriation of knowledge from different scenarios, recognizing and establishing the shortcomings in said process and, in turn, providing the necessary strategies to overcome them. Likewise, the use of technological and computer tools have been integrated into the study of science and in the occupation of the physics teacher, which, in this case, will be evidenced in the use of ArcGis software, which is programmed in C++ and Python, and the data analysis that can be performed from this tool; on the other hand, the use of video tutorials and didactic resources serve as support for the teaching processes. Thus, with the development of the internship, it is expected to make a contribution that contributes to the reduction of the learning curve in the use of tools of the geoportal of the Directorate and in everything related to information and communication technologies that are found there. employ. A solution to this problem is proposed through the design of a didactic resource in a series of video tutorials that respond to the needs of the Directorate to publicize its tools in the generation of geospatial, basic cartographic and departmental thematic information. Video tutorials have become a widely used tool in teaching since they allow the understanding of the use of software and technological resources through the development and instructional design of the content to be addressed, adapting it to the target audience and serve as a complement for a wide variety of learning scenarios (Mayoral et al., 2019). From the FISINFOR Research Group and through one of its lines of research, which is Technological Scientific Literacy, proposals have been developed aimed at the production of educational resources that serve as an alternative or complement to the teaching of physics. This internship is intended to feed this line of research, and this time not only aimed at teachers and researchers, but also at science professionals involved in the study of problems and decision-making for the benefit of society.Ítem D.FT. fuera de la aproximación adiabáticaVélez Ospino, José Daniel; Ortiz Salamanca, Henry MauricioThe study of materials has been a task of great interest for science (theoretical 1 and experimentally) that has allowed novel developments in the field of Engineering Materials. Emerging in this way the science of materials that provides a solid knowledge that have allowed the development of a whole spectrum (of materials) with properties of interest for engineering and science itself, which obviously make up the tools of the technological world that the world has today.