Ingeniería Civil

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/1911

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Influencia de la energı́a del bombardeo del etching fı́sico en el módulo de young y la apariencia superficial de las fibras de bambú
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Mosquera Gómez, Sergio; Mena Serna, Milton
We analyzed the effect of dry etching plasma treatment on the Young’s modulus and surface appearance of Guadua angustifolia fibres. The fibres were bombarded with argon ions at different energy levels and exposure times through a dry etching method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that ion bombardment modified the fibre surface morphology, increasing roughness. Using higher plasma energy with shorter exposure times produced similar effects to those obtained with lower energy and longer exposure times. The increase in Young’s modulus was directly related to changes in the fibre’s surface structure. These findings confirm the influence of plasma treatment on the mechanical properties of the fibres and open new possibilities for their application as a reinforcement in composite materials.
Evaluación del impacto de la caducidad de los epóxicos en la resistencia a la extracción de anclajes en concreto según la norma ASTM E488M y su viabilidad técnica para el refuerzo estructural
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Mesa Lozano, Sergio Luis; Orjuela Cruz, Hernán David; López Palomino, Paulo Marcelo
In civil engineering, chemical anchors with epoxy adhesives are widely used in the reinforcement and rehabilitation processes of concrete structures. These two-component structural adhesives—composed of epoxy resin and hardener—ensure mechanical and chemical adhesion between the anchor and the concrete, in accordance with ASTM C881 (ASTM, 2019). Their high adhesion and versatility in application have favored their widespread use in Colombia, especially in projects with complex geometries or in areas with limited access. However, these products have a relatively short shelf life, between 12 and 18 months, after which manufacturers do not guarantee their structural performance (Hilti Corporation, 2023). This condition poses a recurring problem on construction sites: the disposal of expired adhesives without technical evidence confirming the loss of their properties, which translates into economic losses and the generation of hazardous waste (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2017). This study evaluated the effect of epoxy adhesive expiration on the pullout strength of post-installed anchors in concrete using tests conducted according to ASTM E488M. Three groups of adhesives were used: current, five-month expired, and eighteen-month expired. The results indicate that, under controlled storage and application conditions, expired adhesives maintain structural behavior similar to those within their expiration date, presenting failures in the concrete and without evidence of a significant decrease in adhesion. These findings provide relevant technical evidence to support decisions regarding the use of expired epoxy adhesives, contributing to more efficient and sustainable materials management in infrastructure projects.
Análisis de la geometría hidráulica en la cuenca baja del río Magdalena.
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Clavijo Piernagorda, Laura Ximena; Rodríguez Hernández, Leidy Patricia; Zamudio, Eduardo
The main objective of this research is to analyze the exponents and coefficients associated with hydraulic geometry in the lower Magdalena River basin, to determine whether riverbed texture significantly influences these relationships. Power models were applied at eleven hydrological stations, using observational records of river flow and stage. Using GIS tools in ArcGIS, hydraulic and morphological variables were integrated to spatially contextualize the analysis. The relationships between flow and measurements such as depth, velocity, and width allowed us to identify differential patterns according to riverbed type, which contributes to an understanding of river dynamics in this strategic region of the country, with relevant implications for water resource management and territorial planning.
Prototipo de un sistema de riego controlado por el internet de las cosas (IOT) con base en el punto de Marchitez
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Mendez Guerrero, Andrés Felipe; Valderrama Flórez , Edwin Antonio; Ladino Moreno, Edgar Orlando; Ladino Moreno, Edgar Orlando [0000-0002-7770-452X]
The project proposes the design, construction, and testing of an Internet of Things (IoT)-controlled irrigation system for a vegetable garden measuring 1.5 meters x 3 meters at the Francisco José de Caldas District University in Bogotá. Its purpose is to provide a space with suitable soil conditions for cultivation, taking into account the permanent wilting point curve. The main objective of the project is to create a flexible prototype irrigation system, designed to adapt to different types of soil and environmental conditions. Humidity probes will be used to monitor soil moisture, and smart irrigation systems will be implemented to automatically adjust the amount of water applied. In addition, irrigation options will be evaluated to determine the most appropriate in terms of efficiency, environmental impact, and technical and economic feasibility. This project is expected to contribute to the development of innovative solutions in the fields of agriculture and water resource management, as well as to the promotion of sustainable and resilient agricultural practices. The prototype developed could be used as a basis for future research and development projects in the field of smart agriculture and sustainable natural resource management. The developed device was able to optimize water resources and obtain real-time data on soil moisture, allowing for constant control and monitoring of the land where crops are planted.
Evaluación de curvas de deterioro para puentes vehiculares del territorio colombiano a partir de una base de datos de condición estructural
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Ortiz Rivas , Santiago Alberto; Rocha Molina, Juan Pablo; Leiva Maldonado, Stefan Leonardo; Leiva Maldonado, Stefan Leonardo [0000-0001-6192-2445]
This work is based on the collection and standardization of information from the National Institute of Roads (INVIAS) based on visual inspection reports conducted in 2012 on bridges located in Colombia. A database was created with information on approximately 900 bridges from the different territorial directorates of INVIAS. A review of secondary information on structural deterioration models was conducted, including multivariate linear regression, generalized linear models, and multivariate polynomial regression. Initially, a descriptive statistical analysis of each variable was developed to understand its behavior and its relationship with structural deterioration. Subsequently, specific deterioration curves were generated for each structural component using polynomial regression, while predictive models adjusted to the observed deterioration characteristics were constructed using multivariate and generalized linear regression. Finally, a comparative analysis of these models was conducted, and recommendations were made for their application in bridge management, highlighting their usefulness in prioritizing interventions, optimizing resources, and improving the safety and durability of road infrastructure in Colombia.
Consideraciones de diseño para naves industriales de concreto prefabricado y pretensado, caso de estudio Zona Franca, Fontibón, Bogotá D.C.
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Martín Martínez, Jhohan Daniel; Sánchez Lagos, Gustavo; López Palomino, Paulo Marcelo
This monograph establishes structural design criteria for industrial warehouses built with precast and prestressed concrete through a comparative analysis between the Colombian national code (NSR-10), the international standard (ACI 318-25), the PCI Design Handbook, the Manual de Diseño de Estructuras Prefabricadas y Presforzadas (MDEPP) published by ANIPPAC in Mexico, and other relevant documents. The study identifies similarities and differences among these codes, assessing their applicability within the Colombian context while considering aspects of strength and durability. Based on the results of the normative comparison, unified criteria are defined to optimize structural safety, construction efficiency, and process standardization. These criteria are then applied to develop a structural design manual for industrial warehouses in precast and prestressed concrete, including step-by-step procedures, calculation formulas, construction recommendations, and code references for each stage of the design process. This work provides a technical tool that combines the robustness of international standards with the mandatory requirements of national regulations, contributing to the development of efficient, safe, and context-appropriate structural solutions for Colombia’s industrial sector.
Propuesta de planta modular para beneficio animal con contenedores de carga y paneles sándwich en zonas rurales de Colombia
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Enriquez Mozos, Edwin Alejandro; López Palomino, Paulo Marcelo
The project proposes and evaluates the technical feasibility of implementing a modular slaughterhouse for self-consumption in rural areas of Colombia, considering shipping containers or sandwich panels with a lightweight steel structure as construction systems. The idea arises as a response to the need for agro-industrial infrastructure in Colombian municipalities, seeking solutions that are adaptable, hygienic, and easy to install. The development is based on the structural requirements of the NSR-10, the sanitary criteria established by Decree 1500 of 2007, and Resolution 240 of 2013. The study includes a case application in the municipality of Cabrera, Cundinamarca, where architectural and topographic information provided by the local administration was gathered, evaluating critical factors such as landslide risk. An analysis was conducted on structural performance, ease of assembly, adaptability, thermal and acoustic insulation, fire resistance, and approximate costs. The results indicate that although shipping containers offer an economical alternative, they present significant limitations in terms of design flexibility and transportation. Conversely, the solution based on a lightweight steel structure with sandwich panels stands out for its lightness, rapid construction, ease of transportation, versatility in spatial distribution, and compliance with hygienic and sanitary requirements. The document includes the detailed structural design of the proposal, aiming to establish a technical basis for its future implementation in other municipalities across the country.
Sistema de cierre automático de válvulas en redes hidráulicas activado por detección sísmica: estudio experimental a escala
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Forero , Brayan Nicolás; Cifuentes Lesmes , Indira Alejandra; Ladino Moreno, Edgar Orlando; Ladino Moreno, Edgar Orlando [0000-0002-7770-452X]
This thesis presents the design, construction, and evaluation of an automatic valve closure system in hydraulic networks, activated by seismic detection, with the aim of improving the safety of hydraulic infrastructure in the event of seismic events. The system, which includes seismic and pressure sensors, allows for automatic valve closure to prevent damage to the water distribution network. The study is based on a scale experimental model that simulates a hydraulic network, providing real-time data on variables such as pressure and flow behavior during earthquakes. The research contributes both to the development of new technologies in the hydraulic field and to the training of engineering students, allowing them to apply the concepts learned in the classroom in an experimental setting. This project also offers an educational tool for researchers and educators, supporting the teaching of hydraulics and automation in hydraulic networks. Additionally, it was proven that the prototype responds reliably to seismic thresholds defined for Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá), closing the valve in an average time of 1.8 s with 96% reliability. It integrates seismic sensors, programmed controllers, and a solenoid valve, allowing real-time monitoring and immediate user notification. The results validate the technical and functional viability of the prototype, demonstrating its potential as an economical and scalable solution to strengthen the resilience of hydraulic networks in areas of intermediate seismic hazard.
Estado del arte de las condiciones técnicas y operativas de los sistemas de alerta temprana para movimientos en masa e inundaciones en Colombia
(Universidad Distrital Franscisco Jose de Caldas) Bohorquez Angulo, Mateo; Bello Hernandez, Juan David; Pineda Jaimes, Jorge Arturo; Pineda Jaimes Jorge Arturo [0000-0002-0953-9745]
In the state of the art, the current conditions of the Early Warning Systems (SAT) implemented in Colombia are analyzed, focusing on the management of geological and hydrometeorological phenomena such as mass movements and floods. This analysis includes fundamental aspects such as the technical criteria used, forecasting methods, the type of technologies implemented (sensors, radars, and other elements), and the inter-institutional coordination between technical entities. The review is based on official sources, specialized scientific literature, educational institution references, and documented field experiences, which allow establishing a baseline to evaluate the technical and operational conditions.
Aplicación de IoT en el monitoreo de un modelo hidráulico experimental basado en el método de Hardy Cross
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Moreno Calderon, Brayan Stiven; Gonzalez Sarmiento, Laura Vanessa; Ladino Moreno, c; Ladino Moreno Ladino Moreno [0000-0002-7770-452X]
The project presents the development of an experimental hydraulic model based on the Hardy Cross method, which, with the help and integration of IoT (Internet of Things), allows real-time monitoring of water behavior as it flows through a system of pipes connected in a square section. This model will not only validate the method with experimental data but also demonstrate the feasibility of implementing smart solutions in the design and operation of small-scale hydraulic networks. The project aims to contribute to the development of innovative tools for hydraulic engineering, with applications primarily focused on academic contexts. It mainly seeks to integrate the Hardy Cross theoretical model with the use of smart tools such as hardware, software, data analysis, and communication. This integration enables the development of the initially proposed prototype, composed of various electronic tools and a virtual simulator that allows system programming. Ultimately, it will provide the tools and data necessary to support the project’s purpose and results.
Estudio exploratorio para determinar la viabilidad técnica y ambiental de implementar pavimentos permeables en la Localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Fonseca Ramirez , Paula Jezreel; Perez Corredor, Neiran Sebastian; Garcia Ubaque, Cesar Augusto; Garcia Ubaque Cesar Augusto [0000-0002-6959-6610]
This exploratory study analyzes the technical and environmental feasibility of implementing permeable pavements on local vehicular roads in the Kennedy locality, based on criteria selected from previous studies—slope, soil type and land use, and groundwater level—using data obtained from secondary sources such as IDECA and Mapas Bogotá, and subsequently processed in QGIS. For the analysis, a Python script was developed to apply the multicriteria analysis methodology, which made it possible to identify the areas that meet the parameters established in Colombian regulations. The results were represented in a thematic map that highlights a greater potential for implementation in the UPZs Kennedy Central, Bavaria, Carvajal, and Timiza, mainly located in the southeastern and central sectors; intermediate conditions in the UPZs Corabastos and Gran Britalia; and lower feasibility toward the north, in areas such as Tintal Norte and Las Margaritas.
Evaluación de la resistencia a la tracción indirecta de una mezcla MDC-25 elaborada con agregados de concreto reciclado de alta y baja resistencia, provenientes de probetas de ensayo
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Vera Arango, Sara Angelica; Medina González, Magda Liliana; Medina González, Magda Liliana [0009-0006-2237-8962]
This experimental research focused on evaluating the performance of hot mix asphalt MDC-25 produced with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), particularly in terms of moisture susceptibility. Two mixtures were designed and tested: Mixture-1, made with -RCA-1 (sourced from unfailed concrete specimens with compressive strengths greater than 55 MPa), and Mixture-2, made with -RCA-2 (sourced from unfailed concrete specimens with a compressive strength of 21 MPa). The coarse aggregate fraction was the only variable, while the fine fraction and the 60/70 asphalt binder were kept constant. The process included the recovery and crushing of concrete specimens, the characterization of both RCA types, the Marshall design of MDC-25 mixtures with 100% replacement of the coarse fraction, and the performance evaluation through the Indirect Tensile Strength test (ITS) under dry and wet conditions, following the INV E-725 standard, in order to calculate the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR). The results showed that Mixture-1 achieved a TSR of 78.7%, while Mixture-2 reached 57.1%, indicating lower moisture susceptibility when using RCA from f’c ≥ 55 MPa concrete. However, both values fell below the 80% threshold established by INVIAS 2022, highlighting the need for pre-treatment of RCA or adjustments in the replacement percentage to improve the performance of asphalt mixtures incorporating this type of aggregate.
Diagnóstico de factores que determinan la amenaza por fenómenos antrópicos en zonas afectadas por el conflicto armado
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Muñoz Campos, Richard Alfonso; Pineda Jaimes, Jorge Arturo; Pineda Jaimes, Jorge Arturo [0000-0002-0953-9745]
This study presents a diagnosis of the factors that determine the threat posed by anthropic phenomena in areas affected by armed conflict, focusing on the municipalities of Florencia, La Montañita, Vista Hermosa, and Valencia—territories under significant environmental and social pressure. Documentary, regulatory, and technical information was gathered to identify threats such as deforestation due to agricultural expansion, illegal mining, uncontrolled urbanization, and water pollution. A Likert scale was subsequently applied to classify the severity of the identified impacts and assess the perceived effectiveness of various intervention measures. This tool facilitated the organization of data and comparison across territories. Additionally, environmental impact scales and statistical tools such as the Kendall and Spearman coefficients were used to evaluate the consistency and agreement of the results. The findings indicate a medium-high level of vulnerability, with significant impacts on physical, environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Structural causes include inadequate land use, lack of territorial planning, weak institutional presence, and the legacy of armed conflict. Recommendations are proposed to strengthen territorial planning, environmental management, and interinstitutional coordination to reduce the identified threat and vulnerability levels.
Análisis comparativo de procesos constructivos y costos en viviendas tipo t-2 para la reconstrucción de Providencia y Santa catalina post-huracán Iota (2020)
(UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSE DE CALDAS) GÓMEZ SÁNCHEZ, HÉCTOR ARMANDO; BARRETO GIL, LEONARDO JAVIER; PINZÓN LÓPEZ, HÉCTOR ALFONSO
This study presents a comparative analysis of construction methods and cost structures in T-2 type housing, implemented during the post-Hurricane Iota (2020) reconstruction process in Providencia and Santa Catalina. The research highlights key limitations in planning, material supply logistics, cultural adaptation to the Raizal community, and the sustainability of the applied solutions. Significant variations in costs were observed depending on the construction systems adopted and the institutional management strategies involved. The findings provide evidence-based guidelines aimed at enhancing economic efficiency, cultural relevance, and structural resilience in future reconstruction projects across Caribbean insular territories.
Estimación del caudal medio a partir del estudio de las relaciones funcionales entre la geometría hidráulica y la morfometría de las cuencas en el departamento del Meta
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Tafur Guerrero, Claudia Marcela; Mora Cantor, Nasly Fernanda; Zamudio Huertas, Eduardo; Zamudio Huertas Eduardo [0000-0002-9698-5419]
The present undergraduate thesis entitled “Estimation of the Mean Discharge Based on the Study of the Functional Relationships Between Hydraulic Geometry and Basin Morphometry in the Department of Meta” aimed to establish methodologies for estimating mean discharge in watersheds with limited hydrological information, by analyzing the relationship between hydraulic geometry variables (width, depth, and velocity) and basin morphometric parameters. Hydrological series from IDEAM stations located in the Meta department were compiled and processed, and functional relationships of potential and logarithmic type were formulated. Subsequently, simple and multiple regression models were applied to identify significant dependencies between hydraulic exponents (a, b, c, m, f, k) and morphometric characteristics such as drainage area, altitude, channel slope, and geographic coordinates. The models were evaluated using statistical performance indicators (R², NSE, MAPE), and patterns of similarity were identified among groups of stations, which allowed the development of methodological proposals for mean discharge estimation in ungauged sites. The results demonstrate consistent correlations that support the applicability of hydraulic geometry as an indirect tool in hydrological estimation, contributing to regional knowledge of watersheds in Meta and providing an alternative approach for water resources planning and management in the Colombian Orinoquía.
Diseño de una red hidráulica inteligente con análisis predictivo para la recuperación de aguas servidas en lavanderías de textiles
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Navarrete Waltero, Andrés Felipe; Bernal Bernal, Alejandro; Agualimpia Dualiby, Yolima del Carmen; Ardila Sánchez, Ismael Antonio; Agualimpia Dualiby Yolima Del Carmen [0000-0002-4262-954X]
In the industrial sector, large volumes of water are used in various commercial activities. However, a significant portion of this resource is discharged into the sewage system without prior treatment or reuse. A representative example of this issue is found in industrial laundries, which, in meeting the constant demand of urban areas, consume and discard hundreds of liters of potable water daily for washing activities. To address this situation, this document proposes the development of a functional hydraulic system capable of filtering and monitoring the water used in laundry processes, thus enabling its reuse. Through measurement and development methodologies, a study was conducted on water usage, and a wastewater treatment system was implemented alongside an integrated hydraulic network. This system not only allows for water reuse but also provides end-users with an efficient alternative for water management and timely access to relevant data. The system delivers real-time information collected by sensors and analyzed through neural networks, allowing continuous evaluation of its performance.
Evaluación de propiedades físico-mecánicas de enchapes fabricados con impresión 3D, sustituyendo el filamento convencional con plástico reciclado proveniente de envases plásticos de bebidas gaseosas.
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Cruz Mora, Wilson David; Pérez Alvares, Andrés Felipe; Sánchez Cotte, Edgar Humberto; Sánchez Cotte, Edgar Humberto [0000-0001-7370-8745]
The purpose of this research is to analyze the physical and mechanical behavior of veneers produced using 3D printing technology, completely replacing conventional PET filament with one composed of recycled plastic from bottle containers. This initiative responds to the growing need for sustainable alternatives in construction systems, addressing the environmental impact generated by the widespread use of polymers and the opportunity to reincorporate recycled materials into manufacturing processes.
Comparación hidráulica y sostenible de sistemas de extinción de incendios: rociadores automáticos vs. agua nebulizada
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Varon Calderón, Miguel Ángel; Santana Castillo, María Alejandra; Zamudio Huertas, Eduardo; Zamudio Huertas, Eduardo [0000-0002-9698-5419]
Fires pose a significant risk to buildings and industrial environments, which has driven the adoption of various technologies for their control. Among them, automatic sprinkler and water mist systems are widely used in medium- and high-complexity scenarios. While sprinklers stand out for their reliability and coverage, they require large volumes of water and robust networks; in contrast, mist systems considerably reduce water consumption and collateral damage, although they require high-pressure equipment with greater energy costs. This study compares both systems from two perspectives: a technical perspective, analyzing hydraulic parameters such as flow rate, pressure, coverage, and response time; and a sustainable perspective, evaluating the efficient use of water resources, energy consumption, and environmental impact. The results are intended to guide the selection of the most appropriate alternative for projects seeking a balance between fire safety and resource optimization, in line with global sustainability objectives.
Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica del tanque de almacenamiento de agua potable “Monteblanco” en la localidad de Usme, Bogotá D.C.
(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Borja Mejia, Yully Catherine; Caceres Solorza, Jhon Edisson; López Palomino, Paulo Marcelo
This study evaluates the seismic vulnerability of a semi-buried reinforced concrete water storage tank located in Bogotá D.C., through the application of national and international standards such as NSR-10, ACI 350.3R-20, and ASCE 41-17 to estimate seismic thrusts. The analysis included the collection of structural information, modeling in SAP2000, and evaluation under static and dynamic loads, considering fluid-structure interaction. Overstress indices in the walls were determined. The results highlight the importance of considering earth pressures and hydrodynamic loads in seismic-resistant design.
Estado del arte de las fachadas verdes como estrategia de arquitectura alternativa y sostenible y aplicación de prueba piloto fachada verde
(Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas) Navarrete Alarcon , Marian Isabella; Moreno Echeverry, Dario Licenjaguer; Medina Gonzalez , Magda Liliana; Medina Gonzalez Magda Liliana [0009-0006-2237-8962]
This research examines green façades as an alternative and sustainable architectural strategy, highlighting benefits such as environmental sustainability, improved air quality, thermal and acoustic insulation, stormwater management, as well as their aesthetic contribution and social well-being. The literature review was conducted using various sources, including theses, monographs, undergraduate projects, and other academic and technical documents, and the analysis of successful green façade case studies in Colombia, Brazil, and Ecuador. The study was complemented by the implementation of a pilot project on a one-square-meter module at the Coliseum of the Faculty of Technology of Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. The results show that green façades help reduce indoor building temperatures, improve air quality, promote urban biodiversity, and create a positive visual impact in built environments; moreover, the pilot test verified their technical and economic feasibility, emphasizing the importance of selecting plant species adapted to the local climate and optimizing the irrigation system to ensure water efficiency. The findings support the adoption of green façades within the university campus and other urban environments as an effective strategy to strengthen environmental sustainability, optimize thermal and acoustic comfort, improve the community’s quality of life, and integrate them into urban planning policies and architectural projects, ensuring alignment with current regulations and maximizing their long-term benefits.

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