Ingeniería Eléctrica
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/2035
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Ítem Diseño y construcción de una resistencia de frente y una de cola para el generador de impulsos de tensión tipo maniobra del Laboratorio de Alta Tensión de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas(Universidad Distrital Francisco José De Caldas) Vargas Camacho, Yesica Gabriela; Cuesta Diaz, Yefer Estiven; Rojas Cubides, Herbert Enrique; Gracía Miranda, Diana Stella; Rojas Cubides, Herbert Enrique [0000-0003-1253-6964]; Gracía Miranda, Diana Stella [0000-0003-3850-3423]High-voltage laboratories can be classified according to their equipment and scope, distinguishing between accredited and teaching laboratories. Within the latter category is the High Voltage Laboratory of Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (LAT-UD), where academic, research, and extension activities are carried out. In response to the impossibility of generating switching impulses due to the lack of required components, this work addresses the design, construction, and validation of a front resistor (58 kΩ) and a tail resistor (118 kΩ) for the switching impulse generation circuit of the LAT-UD. Based on theoretical values validated in ATP/EMTP, a modular construction approach was adopted, adjusting the electrical design to the availability of commercial high-voltage components, and defining the internal arrangement, encapsulation, and labeling using Fusion 360®. Frequency sweep, electrical stress, and impulse generation tests confirmed linear behavior up to 80 kHz, the suitability of air as the insulating medium, and compliance with standardized front and tail times. As a result, the LAT-UD now has new components that expand its technical capabilities, supporting academic training and research in high voltage and electromagnetic compatibility.Ítem Estimación de los parámetros eléctricos en celdas solares empleando los modelos de uno, dos y tres diodos.(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Garzón Acosta, Jenny CatalinaAccurately modeling photovoltaic (PV) systems is essential for performance optimization and reliability assessment in renewable energy applications. This study proposes a novel hybrid methodology for parameter estimation in single-, double-, and three-diode PV models, which combines the equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA) with the Newton-Raphson method to solve the implicit model equations. This approach was implemented in Python and validated using experimental current-voltage (I-V) data from the Kyocera KC200GT solar module. The objective function aimed to minimize the root mean square error (RMSE) between simulated and measured curves, wherein current values were numerically computed via the Newton-Raphson method for each candidate solution. To evaluate the performance of the models, comparisons were carried out under standard testing conditions (STC) with an irradiance level of 1000 W/m2. The double-diode model reported the lowest RMSE value under these conditions (RMSE=0.0416 A), confirming its superior accuracy and adequate balance between complexity and performance. Additionally, two lower irradiance levels (800 W/m2 and 400 W/m2) were analyzed in order to assess the consistency of the estimated parameters, i.e., the series resistance Rs, shunt resistance Rsh, and ideality factors (n1, n2, n3). This extended analysis revealed that the Rsh parameter exhibits high variability in the three models, with STC showing the greatest deviation (63.28). This further supports the robustness of the proposed method, particularly in the case of the double-diode model. Overall, the hybrid EOA–Newton–Raphson strategy provides a reliable and flexible framework for nonlinear parameter identification in PV systems.Ítem Diseño de un controlador de dos etapas para el balanceo y la estabilización el péndulo de Furuta(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Peréz Espíndola, Camilo Esteban; Pintor Ahumada, Sebastian David; Montoya Girlado, Oscar Danilo; Montoya Girlado, Oscar Danilo [0000-0001-6051-4925]; García Barreto, Germán Alberto (Catalogador)Control systems are essential for managing variables within dynamic systems, ensuring stability and performance according to criteria such as response time, reference accuracy, and disturbance rejection. This study focuses on designing a two-stage control strategy to stabilize the Furuta Pendulum in its upright position. The proposed approach integrates a Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme with a swing-up and energy-based lifting technique, and is applied to a physical QUANSER inverted pendulum setup. The paper outlines the mathematical modeling process of the system and details how this model is incorporated into the MPC framework. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative analysis is conducted against a traditional state feedback controller, both implemented on the same experimental platform. The controllers are tested under standardized reference inputs and disturbance scenarios, with performance evaluated through graphical analysis and the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) index. Results demonstrate that the MPC-based control strategy outperforms the state feedback controller in terms of response speed, tracking precision, and steady-state accuracy. Notably, the MPC exhibits significant advantages during controller switching scenarios, highlighting its robustness and adaptability—features that are not achievable with the conventional state feedback approach.Ítem Optimización multiobjetivo para el despacho económico y ambiental en redes dc: una reformulación convexa a través de una aproximación cónica(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Bernal Carvajal, Nestor Julian; Mora Peña, Carlos Arturo; Montoya Giraldo, Oscar Danilo; Montoya Giraldo Oscar Danilo [0000-0001-6051-4925]This work addresses the economic-environmental dispatch problem in a DC power grid with thermoelectric and photovoltaic generation. A multi-objective optimization model is proposed to minimize both fuel costs and CO emissions from thermoelectric plants, considering operational constraints such as power balance, voltage limits, generation bounds, and thermal current limits. Due to the non-convex nature of the original power balance equations, the model is reformulated into a convex structure using a conic relaxation approach based on Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP), introducing auxiliary variables to linearize quadratic terms. This ensures global optimality and computational tractability. The study involves two test systems: a 6-node DC grid with three generators and three loads, and an 11-node system with additional photovoltaic generators operating under a daily solar profile. The inclusion of renewable generation significantly reduces both costs and emissions. The optimization model is implemented in GAMS Studio, while the convex reformulation is validated in MATLAB using the CVX toolbox. Results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and highlight the potential of SOCP-based modeling and renewable integration to enhance efficiency and sustainability in DC grids.Ítem Desarrollo de la metodología y estandarización de las herramientas digitales para el análisis de condición del activo de la especialidad eléctrica de la GRB(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Valderrama Rivera Cristian David, Cristian; Florez Cediel, Oscar David; Florez Cediel Oscar David [0000-0002-0653-0577]This paper presents a methodology and standardization of digital tools for Asset Condition Analysis (ACA) in the electrical specialty of Ecopetrol S.A. Barrancabermeja Refinery (GRB). The characterization of seven families of electrical equipment was validated in SAP ERP, and Power BI dashboards were implemented for motors, transformers, backup systems, and medium-voltage cables. The results consolidate technical information, strengthen traceability, and facilitate predictive maintenance, reducing costs associated with unscheduled failures. The proposal is presented as a reference model for GRB and with projections for other Ecopetrol industrial operations.Ítem Aplicación de algoritmo de optimización de senos y cosenos para el cálculo de coeficientes de pérdidas en sistemas de transmisión(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Maldonado Sánchez, Juan Pablo; Guerrero Moreno, Juan Felipe; Montoya Giraldo, Oscar Danilo; Montoya Giraldo Oscar Danilo [0000-0001-6051-4925]In the management of power transmission systems, one of the challenges is managing line-related losses and the variability in load and generation flows. Conventional loss calculation methods do not consider the dynamic nature of electrical systems, limiting their accuracy and resulting in their calculations being far from the actual value. In this context, the use of the heuristic method of sines and concepts is proposed as an alternative that seeks to optimize loss estimation in transmission networks, exploring different operating combinations that minimize these losses under the constraints of the electrical system . This thesis proposes the development of a methodology using the sine-cosine algorithm to estimate losses in electrical transmission systems, using IEEE test systems. The objective is to calculate transmission losses in various operating scenarios, validating the algorithm's efficiency and accuracy against real losses.Ítem DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA DE ENERGÍA FOTOVOLTAICA PARA LA EMPRESA OSC TECOMS & SECURITY SOLUTIONS S.A.S.Rubio Sánchez, Juan CamiloThis project deals with the design of a photovoltaic energy generation system for the essential loads facilities of the company OSC Telecoms & Security Solutions located in Bogotá. The company works in the operation and maintenance activities of telecommunications networks and one of its greatest bets today is energy efficiency for better business sustainability. The initial stage consists of the collection of certain input data for the dimensioning of a photovoltaic system such as the index of solar radiation at the project location, the average of maximum and minimum temperatures, the demand for electrical energy from the main headquarters of the company, the essential loads of the company, the space available for the installation of the system and the nominal capacity of the transformer to which the connection would be made. Based on data, the design of three solutions that contemplate different scenarios within the company's headquarters is carried out: A hybrid photovoltaic system that supports the datacenter UPS, a hybrid photovoltaic system for lighting the headquarters. of the company and a photovoltaic system connected to the network that supports the energy consumption of the main headquarters of the company. Once the designs for each scenario have been made, the most suitable and most convenient power generation system is selected to evaluate the feasibility of its implementation. A theoretical projection to 25 years is carried out to determine the financial viability of each project, aspects such as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Benefit-Cost relationship will allow selecting the most optimal solution for the company both in the technical field and in the financial sphere. Finally, a series of recommendations and conclusions are made based on the results obtained.Ítem Diseño eléctrico y de iluminación para la Institución Educativa Departamental Luis Alfonso Valbuena Ulloa con autogeneración a pequeña escala(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Franco Hidalgo, Paula Andrea; Flórez Cediel, Óscar David; Flórez Cediel, Óscar David [0000-0002-0653-0577]The project developed for the Luis Alfonso Valbuena Ulloa Departmental Educational Institution includes the implementation of an electrical, lighting, and photovoltaic system based on RETIE and RETILAP regulations. A detailed design was carried out to ensure safety, energy efficiency, and technical compliance, avoiding rework and minimizing risks to equipment and people. In the electrical design, appropriate conductors, conduits, and protection systems were selected to ensure the reliability of the system. Grounding and surge protection were incorporated to prevent critical failures and ensure continuity of electrical service. The lighting design was optimized using DIALux, ensuring that illuminance levels comply with RETILAP without causing glare or excessive consumption. LED luminaires were implemented to maximize energy efficiency and reduce operational costs. Regarding the financial viability of the photovoltaic system, an analysis based on NPV, IRR, and payback period was conducted, demonstrating that the system is profitable and sustainable in the long term. System degradation was considered in the simulation, allowing for adjusted expectations regarding energy production and economic return.Ítem Estrategia regulatoria basada en incentivos para reducir la tarifa de energía en ZNI mediante inclusión de generación no convencionalClavijo Martínez , Stiven Santiago; Ortiz Tejeda, Nicolás; Alarcón Villamil, Jorge Alexander; Alarcón Villamil, Jorge Alexander [0000-0002-8718-2542]This monographic work develops a regulatory strategy based on incentives with the objective of reducing electricity rates in the Non-Interconnected Zones (ZNI) of Colombia. To this end, the current regulatory framework is analyzed and a model that integrates non-conventional generation (mainly renewable) is proposed as a mechanism to reduce the costs associated with electrical service in these regions. The study incorporates optimization methods, tariff analysis and financial evaluation of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), in order to identify scenarios in which the inclusion of distributed generation is economically viable and beneficial for end users. As a result, opportunities are evident to reformulate the tariff schemes in the ZNIs through well-structured incentive policies, which would improve the efficiency of the electrical system and reduce dependence on fossil sources such as diesel.Ítem Herramienta computacional para el cálculo de riesgo de daños por descargas eléctricas atmosféricas según NTC 4552-2:2023Cruz Rios, Valentina; Amaya Contreras, Andres Felipe; Moya Chaves, Francisco David; Rojas Pion, Aurelio Jesus; Moya Chaves, Francisco David [0000-0003-0206-1213]The increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as thunderstorms, has highlighted the need for effective lightning protection systems, due to the significant risk these events pose to human life, infrastructure, and electrical and electronic equipment, potentially causing economic losses, operational disruptions, and structural damage. In Colombia, the assessment of lightning-related risk and the design of appropriate protection systems are governed by national regulations such as NTC 4552-2, which is based on international standards and provides detailed methodologies for risk estimation. However, manual risk calculation is complex, error-prone, and requires a high level of technical expertise, as it involves analyzing various factors such as geographic location, structural dimensions, terrain characteristics, and lightning density in the area. For this reason, the development of an accessible computational tool is justified to automate these calculations in accordance with NTC 4552-2:2023, offering engineers, designers, and lightning protection companies a precise, efficient, and practical solution for risk assessment.Ítem Control adaptativo de la tasa de dilución para estabilidad en un biodigestor(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Gutiérrez Huertas, Adrián; Jaramillo Matta, Adolfo Andrés; Jaramillo Matta, Adolfo Andrés [0000-0002-9743-5638]Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that produces biogas from organic matter in the absence of oxygen, but it is sensitive to operational instability due to factors such as the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The dilution rate is a key parameter for maintaining system stability, as poor control can lead to microbial imbalances and process failure. This work proposes a mathematical model with nonlinear dynamics and the design of an adaptive controller that regulates the dilution rate based on methane flow rate measurements, aiming for continuous and stable biodigester operation.Ítem Estimación de parámetros en módulos fotovoltaicos mediante el modelo de tres diodos y el método de optimización hiperbólica sech-tanh(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Aguilar Rodriguez, , Gisell Stefanny; Yépez González, Luis Alejandro; Montoya Giraldo, Oscar Danilo; Montoya Giraldo, Oscar Danilo [0000-0001-6051-4925]This research optimizes the parameter estimation in photovoltaic cells using the Secant-Hyperbolic Tangent Optimization Algorithm (ASOA, by its acronym in English) considering the three-diode model, which provides a more accurate representation of the electrical behavior of solar cells. The ASOA was compared with the interior-point method of MATLAB; fmincon, evaluating its accuracy, stability, and ability to avoid local minima. The results show that ASOA improves parameter estimation, minimizing the error in the V-I curve and adapting to more complex optimization conditions. Additionally, the impact of the number of iterations on the model’s accuracy was analyzed, identifying an optimal convergence point at 3000 iterations, where a proper balance between accuracy and computational cost was achieved. Beyond this point, the adaptation function improves significantly, making it unnecessary to continue increasing the number of iterations. Thus, the combination of the three-diode model with the ASOA algorithm is established as an efficient and robust tool for the characterization and optimization of photovoltaic cells, supporting the development of more accurate and reliable solar energy systems. Beyond the technical advancements, this work has a significant impact on energy sustainability. Improving the accuracy of photovoltaic models directly contributes to the development of more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable solar systems, fostering the integration of solar technologies under real operating conditions. This is particularly crucial in the current context, where the transition to cleaner energy sources is a global priority to mitigate climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. The proposed innovative approach also encourages interdisciplinary collaboration among experts in mathematics, engineering, and renewable energy, driving the development of advanced technologies in this field. By addressing technical challenges related to the nonlinearity of the three-diode model and providing practical solutions through ASOA, this work represents not only an academic breakthrough but also holds significant implications for the renewable energy industry. Ultimately, this research contributes to a more sustainable energy future by supporting international sustainability goals and promoting the widespread adoption of clean technologies on a global scale.Ítem Estudio de la eficiencia eléctrica de un panel fotovoltaico monocristalino refrigerado mediante un colector solar de placa plana(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Arias Forero, Hugo Enrique; Cabrera Fuertes, Javier Hernando; Hernanández Mora , Johann AlexanderThe sun is responsible for almost all the energy available on earth [1]. Solar radiation comprises a broad spectrum of frequencies which are filtered in the outermost layers of the earth, where less dense gases such as ozone O3 are housed, limiting the amount of energy available for conversion to electricity on the earth's surface, as is shown in Figure 1. Only a small part of the solar spectrum incident on a photovoltaic cell is converted into electrical energy. Solar radiation transmits its energy from photons, which are present in all wavelengths, mostly in the visible spectrum, ie between 400 and 800 nm, with the peak radiation at 500 nmÍtem Integración óptima de generadores fotovoltaicos y compensadores estáticos de potencia reactiva en sistemas de distribución para minimizar costos operativos anuales aplicando un algoritmo de distribución exponencialPeñaloza Benavides , Diana Carolina; Sánchez Álvarez, Gersson Iván; Montoya Giraldo, Oscar Danilo; Montoya Giraldo, Oscar Danilo [0000-0001-6051-4925]This research presents a metaheuristic methodology to address the problem of optimal integration of photovoltaic generators and static reactive power compensators in distribution systems. The objective is to minimize the annual operating costs associated with the investment, operation and maintenance of these systems, which indirectly contributes to improve voltage profiles and reduce energy losses. The methodology is structured under a leader-follower optimization approach, in which the exponential distribution algorithm acts as a leader, generating potential solutions, while the evaluation of the power flow through successive approximations plays the role of follower, verifying compliance with the electrical parameters of the proposed solutions. The proposed methodology was tested in two test systems of 33 and 69 nodes, simulating different scenarios that include the separate and simultaneous integration of PV and D-STATCOM devices. The results indicate that the joint integration of both technologies significantly reduces operating costs compared to their independent implementation, achieving reductions of about 35.54\% and 35.66\% in the final value of the objective function with respect to the reference case. Furthermore, by comparing this research with the baseline study, it was verified that the proposed methodology is efficient in minimizing investment and operating costs, improving system efficiency and ensuring a more reliable supply. All computational tests were performed in the MATLAB programming environment (version 2024a) using our own scripts.Ítem Diseño e ingeniería de detalle de un sistema solar fotovoltaico off [1]grid para una comunidad perteneciente a las zonas no interconectadas (zni)(Universida Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Mayorga Sanchez, Santiago; Peña Rodríguez, Jaime Hernando; García Barreto, Germán Alberto (Catalogador)The present final report aims to document the experience and lessons learned during the internship at SunColombia, a leading company in the solar energy sector in Colombia. This internship is part of the graduation project for the Electrical Engineering program at Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas and seeks to integrate theoretical training with professional practice in a dynamic and constantly evolving environment.Ítem Prototipo de altímetro barométrico digital clase 1 para aeronaves lsa, proyecto AviónicaGómez Chauta, José Alexander; Torres Melgar, David Alejandro; Espinel Ortega, Alvaro; Espinel Ortega, Alvaro [0000-0002-7747-7718]In this document, basic concepts in aviation, academic documentation of altimeters, instrumentation and altimetry will be explored, all to establish the methodological bases necessary for the realization of a functional prototype of a digital barometric altimeter. To begin, a detailed description of the instruments and elements used in the construction of the prototype is made, followed by the laboratory tests that allow us to advance to the modeling of the system, then the human-machine interface is implemented that allows the visualization of data. and the necessary interaction with the instrument, culminating with the objectives, the validation of the complete system is done. An analysis of the previously obtained results continues, corroborating that the goals established for this project are met. Finally, recommendations are given on the prototype made and for anyone interested in reviewing or improving the prototype.Ítem Análisis de costos y beneficios económicos de la producción de hidrógeno con energías renovables no convencionales en el contexto de regulaciones colombianas y los compromisos del acuerdo de parís y los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (2020-2050)(Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas) Gutiérrez Mejía, Jacky Stefanny; Montoya Giraldo, Osar Danilo; Montoya Giraldo, Osar Danilo [0000-0001-6051-4925]; Garcia Barreto, Germán Alberto (Catalogador)This internship analyzes the economic impacts that the introduction of green hydrogen could generate on end users of the Colombian electricity system. The main objective is to evaluate the redistribution of electricity tariffs derived from tax incentives granted to hydrogen producers and to determine their impact on tariff equity and sustainability of the national electricity system. The analysis focuses exclusively on the region of La Guajira, identified as strategic due to its high potential in the generation of non-conventional renewable energies, such as solar and wind, in accordance with the hydrogen roadmap and Scenario 2 of the Indicative Generation Expansion Plan of the UPME (2024-2037). The ARIMA- Prophet statistical model was used to project end-user electricity costs for the years 2030, 2037 and 2050. Subsequently, tariff variations were analyzed under different scenarios: a 10\% reduction, a 50\% reduction and full compliance with green hydrogen production targets. These variations are directly related to the incentives evaluated, which partially exempt transmission and distribution costs for hydrogen generators, redistributing these costs to other end users. The results show that, although the incentives encourage the competitiveness of green hydrogen, they generate tariff increases that impact users unequally according to their socioeconomic category. In the lower strata, the increases represent a significant percentage of disposable income, while in the upper strata the impact is marginal. In addition, unit transmission and distribution costs tend to decrease in high penetration scenarios, partially benefiting final consumers. The conclusions indicate that green hydrogen can be economically viable if complemented with regulatory policies that mitigate tariff inequities, such as targeted subsidies and gradual adjustments in incentives.Ítem Generación distribuida de baja potencia en Colombia: correlación con la normatividad y estrategias para el manejo de excedentes y su adecuada gestiónGuerrero Tovar, Nicolás Esteban; Buitrago Parra, Andrés Felipe; Trujillo Rodríguez, César Leonardo ; Trujillo Rodriguez, Cesar Leonardo [0000-0002-0985-1472]The transition to more sustainable energy sources is a global challenge, particularly in Colombia, where non-interconnected zones (ZNI) face difficulties in accessing energy due to geography and the high cost of transportation. This situation highlights the need for local and decentralized solutions, such as distributed generation (DG), which harnesses renewable sources like solar and wind. Despite the benefits of DG, such as improved system efficiency and resilience, managing energy surpluses presents both technical and economic challenges. The reverse energy flow can affect grid stability, and compensating surpluses without considering actual demand could be unsustainable in the long term. This research proposes a comprehensive solution based on four components: analyzing current regulations in different countries, comparing these regulations, a case study of solar DG in Colombia, and exploring academic proposals for more efficient surplus management. The proposed solution aims to optimize surplus handling, ensuring a sustainable model tailored to Colombian conditions.Ítem Prototipo de macro y micro medición inteligente de energía de bajo costo para redes eléctricas de distribución para la caracterización del consumo con el fin de hacer proyecciones de la demanda de energíaPico Gallo, Sergio Andrés; Bermúdez Espíndola, Cristian David; Espinel Ortega, Álvaro; Espinel Ortega, Álvaro [0000-0002-7747-7718]This work focuses on the design and construction of an advanced electrical energy metering system capable of functioning as both a macro and micro energy meter. The data acquisition system (DAS) and sensing stage consist of an ESP8266 microcontroller and three PZEM-004T devices, one for each phase. The innovation of the system lies in its ability to monitor electrical variables in real time and subsequently perform demand forecasting, thereby improving energy management and efficiency in distribution networks. Initially, a prototype was developed with the capability to capture electrical variables such as voltage, current, active, reactive, and apparent power, power factor, frequency, and energy at various points in the electrical network, such as transformer outputs and consumption points in homes and businesses (macro and micro metering). The developed prototype includes an application that can be installed on desktop and mobile platforms, enabling users to visualize real-time electrical consumption behavior and other monitored variables. The system also stores this data in a repository for further analysis, facilitating demand forecasting and promoting improved consumption habits. To ensure the accuracy of the device, extensive testing was conducted, comparing the prototype's results with those obtained from a certified measuring instrument. These tests allowed the determination of the device's precision class, confirming that it meets the necessary requirements for energy measurement in the aforementioned distribution network points. Subsequently, the system's measurement data was analyzed to identify consumption patterns and trends in energy demand behavior. Various statistical and econometric methods, such as ARIMA and Holt-Winters, as well as non-statistical methods like Random Forest, XGBoost, and neural networks, were implemented and compared. These methods employed different mathematical techniques to deliver results within a confidence interval and with relatively low error rates. To validate the performance of the implemented algorithms, real power demand data was used, obtained from the Sinergox platform by XM, as well as simulated consumption data generated by the measurement prototype through the provided API and the corresponding Python libraries. The time series used for algorithm training covered a four-month period, and the predictions spanned 7 to 10 days. These predictions considered the type of day and atypical dates, such as holidays, where energy consumption experiences significant variations. The results demonstrated the system's efficiency in making accurate predictions and adapting to any time series or day of the week, even under unconventional demand conditions. The developed system is projected as a low-cost, highly efficient solution for monitoring electrical variables and demand forecasting, establishing itself as a valuable tool for efficient energy management in electrical distribution networks.Ítem Estimación de la eficiencia de detección de la red total de rayos de Earth Networks para el territorio colombiano(Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas) Buritica Angulo , Rominger; Aza Beltrán, Brenda Vannessa; Rojas Cubides, Herbert Enrique; Garcia Miranda, Diana Stella; Rojas Cubides; Herbert Enrique [0000-0003-1253-6964]This research study estimates the detection efficiency (DE) of the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) in Colombia for cloud-to-ground (CG) discharges using records collected in 2021. The study begins with a description of the operation of lightning detection networks, covering fundamental concepts related to atmospheric electrical discharges and the propagation of electromagnetic fields generated by this phenomenon. Additionally, it describes the detection and localization systems, which utilize methods such as Magnetic Direction Finding (MDF) and Time of Arrival (TOA), both of which are widely used in private and open lightning detection networks worldwide. The analysis focuses on the ENTLN network, detailing its infrastructure and the spatial distribution of its sensors throughout Colombia. A general overview of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is provided, as they are essential for understanding the nature of the available data supplied by the network. Based on this information, a data extraction and processing methodology is proposed, incorporating classification, filtering, and geospatial processing techniques. The goal is to construct detection efficiency (DE) maps and ground flash density (GFD) maps. For DE estimation, the study applies the CIGRE C4.404 procedure, which allows for the assessment of detection efficiency based on the cumulative current distribution of CG discharges occurring within a defined area. This procedure is implemented through a Python-based algorithm that facilitates the classification, filtering, and visualization of both data and results. This algorithm is integrated into a computational tool called ED4LLS, which also enables the generation and visualization of DE and GFD maps. The results are presented through detection efficiency maps, showing values exceeding 80% across most of the Colombian territory, with some regions reaching efficiencies close to 100%. These high-efficiency areas correlate with regions of intense CG lightning activity, such as Antioquia and Chocó. Finally, to validate the findings, the results are compared with previous studies and other academic sources. Based on these analyses, the study concludes that the ENTLN network demonstrates a high performance in detecting cloud-to-ground discharges in Colombia. Additionally, future research directions are proposed to further enhance the accuracy of lightning detection and monitoring systems in the country.