Propuesta de modelo de planificación turística apoyado en tecnología para la anticipación de impactos socioculturales en comunidades étnicas

Abstract

A smart destination requires both planning focused on attracting tourists - to generate economic growth and positioning of the destination - and preserving all the elements that compose it, including the community that inhabits it. In this sense, tourism planning approaches have been developed and implemented within the framework of growth in demand, specialization of supply, changes in travelers' behaviour patterns, economic development of the place, and community participation through its productive units. Transformations and advances have been directed toward market elements. Still, none of them have identified aspects of identity and social valuation, such as the well-being or quality of life of the hosts, especially the ethnic, indigenous, and black communities. It is necessary to understand how the host communities, particularly the ethnic ones, have been affected by the development of the activity, since there has been evidence of negative impacts due to displacement, deculturation, and affectation of their dignity, among others, actions that go against the main objectives of tourism. Having said this, the starting premise of this research project is the construction of a tourism planning model that involves the identification of the possible negative impacts on the inhabitant population as a result of the development of tourism activities. To achieve this, a documentary review of tourism planning models, the negative impacts on communities at the case study level, and international policies framed in tourism, which include a code of ethics, was carried out. Similarly, legislation on the protection of intangible cultural heritage was analyzed as a tool for the protection and conservation of cultural assets that are part of the cosmovision of the different peoples that inhabit tourist destinations. As a result of the review, all those elements that provide information for the analysis of negative impacts on the host community were identified, characterized, and arranged in criteria, dimensions, and valuations. With this purpose, it was possible to complement the tourism supply system and the conformation of a new system within the traditional tourism planning model, the host community system. Finally, a tourism destination approach is provided that focuses on the well-being and quality of life of the host community.