Diseño y desarrollo de un prototipo de dispositivo de internet de las cosas (Iot) para la medición de variables forestales

Abstract

This work presents the design and development of FRED-01, an autonomous forest IoT prototype aimed at environmental and dendrometric monitoring in trees. The system integrates sensors for CO2 concentration, temperature, humidity, and diameter at breast height (DBH), combined with a LoRa communication module and an ESP32-S3 microcontroller, enabling data transmission without the need for LoRaWAN infrastructure. The firmware was developed under a FreeRTOS-based architecture, focusing on energy efficiency through the use of deep sleep mode and peripheral control via MOSFET, ensuring long-term operation powered solely by rechargeable batteries. The sensed data are encrypted using AES-GCM, guaranteeing confidentiality and integrity before being transmitted to a web server built with Django and PostgreSQL. Functional field tests of communication and sensing achieved an effective range of approximately 850 meters, with stable performance over extended periods. The prototype proved to be a low-cost, autonomous, and secure alternative to commercial solutions, with potential for scaling into distributed forest sensor networks and future integration of artificial intelligence for early detection of environmental events.