Del conocimiento a la tierra: revisión bibliográfica con enfoque en la transferencia de saberes sostenibles. Síntesis y uso del biocarbón para su aplicación en el suelo agrícola

Abstract

This monograph analyzes the synthesis, characteristics, and applications of biochar, an organic material obtained through biomass pyrolysis, with emphasis on its potential in agriculture and climate change mitigation. Through an exhaustive review, production methods such as slow and fast pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization are highlighted, and its physicochemical properties are explored using advanced techniques. Biochar is presented as a key tool for improving soil structure and fertility, storing carbon, and treating pollutants, making it an important resource for agro-environmental sustainability. Furthermore, its integration into rural pedagogy is proposed, aiming to promote its use in farming communities through formative and participatory strategies, strengthening local autonomy and contributing to the regeneration of agroecosystems and climate change adaptation. Biochar emerges as an agroecological alternative that, beyond its technical benefits, is linked to ecological and social justice in the Colombian countryside, promoting peasant technological sovereignty and community empowerment. In this context, its implementation requires not only a technical approach, but also a pedagogical transformation that recognizes the peasantry as active and epistemic agents, capable of generating knowledge from and for their territory. Critical pedagogy and territorial co-research, inspired by Paulo Freire, are essential to overcome the vertical model of technological transfer, creating a space for experimentation, reflection, and collective action that promotes social and environmental justice. However, implementation faces challenges such as process standardization and the lack of clear regulations, which requires comprehensive collaboration among institutions such as SENA, the Field Schools (ECAs), and the Rural Development Agency (ADR), to scale up the adoption of biochar and ensure its long-term sustainability.