Análisis paleohistológico de muestras arqueológicas óseas de origen animal y humano

Abstract

Paleohistology has significantly transformed the study of ancient biological remains, providing new perspectives on tissue preservation and taphonomic processes. This discipline integrates multiple techniques to reveal information about life patterns, diseases, and post-mortem modifications in past populations, allowing for overcoming traditional limitations and accessing previously inaccessible microstructural data. This methodological development has transitioned from traditional approaches such as optical microscopy, which presents limitations in variability and scalability, toward advanced high- resolution technologies that have considerably expanded analytical possibilities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allows for visualizing detailed microstructural changes and evaluating tissue preservation with greater precision, while specialized histochemical techniques such as Feulgen staining are particularly effective for characterizing ancient and mineralized samples. Likewise, automated approaches through digital image processing have revolutionized the field by introducing new levels of precision and efficiency. Computational models demonstrate high precision in osteocyte segmentation, improving reproducibility and efficiency in quantitative analysis. These advances not only facilitate the estimation of age at the time of death, but also deepen the understanding of complex processes such as bone remodeling and cellular viability. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist that include sample degradation, taphonomic and diagenetic factors, limitations in technological access, and effects of thermal alteration, aspects that condition the quality of the results obtained. In this regard, continuous optimization of preparation and analysis protocols is essential for the precise characterization of ancient biological materials and the sustained advancement of this discipline.