Propuesta de estrategias de manejo sostenible a partir del análisis multitemporal y diagnóstico ecológico del humedal Santa María del Lago

Abstract

A land cover change analysis was conducted for the Santa María del Lago Wetland between 1950 and 2025, complemented by the characterization of predominant ecosystems based on their floristic and faunal composition. From this analysis, sustainable management strategies were proposed, grounded in both ecological diagnosis and local perceptions. The methodology combined spatial analysis tools with field-based ecological studies. Aerial photographs from IGAC and satellite imagery (Landsat and Sentinel) were interpreted using spectral indices (NDVI, NDWI, and EVI) to determine land cover change trends. Additionally, floristic and faunal surveys were carried out following Gentry’s RAP methodology and direct observation. Surveys were also administered to residents and experts to assess perceptions regarding changes in the wetland. The results revealed a critical degradation phase between 1960 and 1980, during which much of the water body and vegetation cover were lost, followed by a progressive recovery beginning in 1991. By 2025, the wetland had reached a late successional stage, with over 50% vegetation cover, though it remains vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures. The vegetation survey recorded 108 species across 96 genera and 53 botanical families. Six main functional biotypes were identified: herbaceous (dominant), shrubby, arboreal, aquatic, lianoid, and epiphytic—reflecting processes of secondary succession, anthropogenic disturbance, and ecological regeneration. Functionally, the ecosystem exhibits a transitional structure with resilient components that could support ecological restoration under appropriate management strategies. The faunal inventory documented 58 bird species across 21 families and 9 orders, with a predominance of insectivorous and generalist species (omnivores, frugivores) typical of disturbed ecosystems. Six endemic species and one endemic subspecies were recorded, associated with structurally intact habitat patches. Additionally, at least 13 migratory species and 5 listed in CITES Appendix II were identified. Survey responses revealed divided perceptions—some residents believed the wetland had improved, while others perceived further degradation—highlighting the need to strengthen environmental governance and institutional-community communication. Based on these perceptions, a SWOT matrix was developed to prioritize issues and design intervention strategies within a structured program comprising three strategic lines or specific projects. This analysis enabled the identification of internal and external factors influencing the wetland’s sustainability and guided integrated and targeted management actions.