Teaching and learning another language strategically

dc.contributor.authorCastillo , Rigoberto
dc.contributor.orcidCastillo, Rigoberto [0000-0002-9527-0120]
dc.date.accessioned2025-06-12T20:31:12Z
dc.date.available2025-06-12T20:31:12Z
dc.date.created2024
dc.descriptionThis book emerged from my curiosity to become acquainted with the relation between language acquisition and strategic learning. I want to share with colleagues and with student-teacher-researchers the findings after several years of work with educators. This book attempts to address the question of how to promote experiential learning and problem solving. While in formal education, pupils require to develop the capacity to do something with what is learnt, such knowledge should, among other things, allow people to understand the society in which they live in and to solve real life problems. The gap between classroom knowledge and experiential knowledge that can be applied elsewhere has been recognized. Fragmentary knowledge is one of the causes of concern for learners and for societies. Fragmentation may be due to the fact that curricula do not clearly specify the competence (what can be done with what you know) that learners are expected to attain at the end of a cycle. In turn, fragmentation may cause interference with learning and students’ discomfort with schooling (see Castillo, 2012 on the questions institutions should address). This book may equip teachers and students with ways to approach learning strategically, resulting in curricular that is less fragmented, holistic, motivating, and accessible. This book is grounded in a pedagogical context that strives for strengthening autonomous learning and for promoting thinking processes. One cannot assume that people today read less, understand less or are less able to solve problems than before. On the contrary, people have an enormous potential to learn more effectively and efficiently with information technologies, and to be more creative than previous generations (Castillo, 2012), a course of action to transform learning into useful knowledge is essential. Therefore, teaching today faces several challenges: first, focusing on process and strategies since data and information are readily available; second, preparing people to understand phenomena in a situated and contextualized form; third, forming critical thinkers able to propose innovations; fourth, making the classroom and school contexts places for autonomous learning; and fifth, preparing learners to meet the demands of a rapidly-changing society. So far efforts have focused on exploiting resources readily available for learning such as multimedia and digital objects. This book aims to push beyond exploitation of resources to help students gain autonomy and critical thinking skills, two necessary attributes nowadays. I became interested in the subject while taking a doctoral course in Cognitive Psychology with Dr. Ellen Gagné at the University of Texas, at Austin, and draw on my experience as a teacher of Spanish and English as an L1 and an L2, and as a teacher educator. Recent readings and research reports were considered, as much as reflections of the author’s personal experience as a reader, writer and as a parent of bilingual children. This book gives a practical interpretation of strategic learning, while providing resources to readers. This book was written because I feel that educators ought to be informed on the nature of language, the role of language in learning, the types of knowledge involved in listening, speaking reading and writing, and the strategies that these types of knowledge call for-precisely the core of this book. This publication also hopes to be useful for teachers of all subject areas and aims at building a bridge between L1 and L2 teaching. The author is very pleased and thankful to have had this book nominated to “The Macmillan Education Award for Innovative Writing” of ELTons in the United Kingdom. (See Appendix 1). The central thesis of this publication gives prominence to strategic learning in the school curricula. Linguistic syllabi or topic syllabi presents serious limitations to help students construct language or construct with language, even it shows difficulties to learn about the functioning of language. This work builds on and deepens the potential of learning strategies as initiated in my prior study (Castillo, 1991). The concept «Strategic Learning» (also strategic knowledge) is linked with the movement of «Learning to learn» or «strategopedia», which provides a basis to enable pupils to set goals, to assume an active role, to plan their learning processes, and to take part in the evaluation of their progress. It also provides a means to enable teachers to evolve from a perspective of language as a process, to a perspective of language as cognition and, ultimately, as a sociocultural form of expression. Every student has the potential to become successful through application of strategic knowledge (Castillo, 2004). Negotiating content, tasks and strategies would be more in line with the formation of independent, autonomous and critical learners. Strategic knowledge is important to long-term academic development. O’Malley and Chamot (1990) posited cognitive, metacognitive and cognitive strategies to tackle L2 learning. They argue that communicative competence, among other competencies, can be facilitated when pupils manage to integrate strategies to their daily practice and when they constantly draw on strategies to solve problems. The implementation of this approach could empower teachers in making decisions about how to use language for learning. This book offers components for a school language development program, which can be finetuned to current personal purposes or to course planning. Nonetheless you must bear in mind that learning is not an isolated or individual act; rather it is a social act. Students learn with others and from others, and therefore teaching demands more than skills, techniques or strategies: it demands that teachers structure instruction for social interaction to occur and develop. Social interaction is also needed among teachers to transform curricula, course syllabi, and ultimately, the school itself. The book’s six chapters provide a rationale for incorporating strategic learning into a program, with the first chapter presenting the most influential theories behind it. The subsequent chapters address its role in reading, listening, speaking and writing. Discussion is illustrated with examples for strategy use in and outside the classroom. Implications for teaching and for syllabus design conclude each chapter. Reading and listening appear first for they constitute the input for language acquisition and they seem to develop faster than writing and speaking. Teaching and learning another language strategically / La enseñanza y el aprendizaje estratégico de otro idioma. This book has two purposes. First, it contributes to the continued education of language teachers by attempting to build a bridge between the pre-service educational practices and those that in-service teachers continually develop. Second, it encourages teachers and students to reflect on what they do about in class. You may find some ideas inspiring, some strategies novel. I encourage you to not to wait too long to try and perfect them and then, to share them with your colleagues.
dc.description.abstractEste libro surgió de mi curiosidad por comprender la relación entre la adquisición de lenguas y el aprendizaje estratégico. Deseo compartir con colegas y estudiantes de magisterio e investigación los hallazgos tras varios años de trabajo con educadores. Este libro intenta abordar la cuestión de cómo promover el aprendizaje experiencial y la resolución de problemas. Si bien en la educación formal los alumnos necesitan desarrollar la capacidad de aplicar lo aprendido, dicho conocimiento debería, entre otras cosas, permitirles comprender la sociedad en la que viven y resolver problemas de la vida real. Este libro se basa en un contexto pedagógico que busca fortalecer el aprendizaje autónomo y promover los procesos de pensamiento. No se puede asumir que hoy en día las personas leen menos, comprenden menos o son menos capaces de resolver problemas que antes. Por el contrario, las personas tienen un enorme potencial para aprender de forma más eficaz y eficiente con las tecnologías de la información y para ser más creativas que las generaciones anteriores (Castillo, 2012); es esencial adoptar medidas para transformar el aprendizaje en conocimiento útil. Por lo tanto, la enseñanza actual se enfrenta a varios desafíos: primero, centrarse en los procesos y las estrategias, dado que los datos y la información están fácilmente disponibles; segundo, preparar a las personas para comprender los fenómenos de forma situada y contextualizada; tercero, formar pensadores críticos capaces de proponer innovaciones; cuarto, convertir el aula y los contextos escolares en espacios para el aprendizaje autónomo; y quinto, preparar a los estudiantes para satisfacer las demandas de una sociedad en constante cambio. Hasta ahora, los esfuerzos se han centrado en aprovechar los recursos disponibles para el aprendizaje, como los multimedia y los objetos digitales. Este libro pretende ir más allá de la explotación de recursos para ayudar a los estudiantes a desarrollar autonomía y habilidades de pensamiento crítico, dos atributos necesarios hoy en día. Me interesé por el tema mientras cursaba un doctorado en Psicología Cognitiva con la Dra. Ellen Gagné en la Universidad de Texas, en Austin, y me baso en mi experiencia como profesora de español e inglés como lenguas extranjeras (L1 y L2), y como formadora de docentes. Lecturas e informes de investigación recientes. Se consideraron, además de reflexiones sobre la experiencia personal del autor como lector, escritor y padre de niños bilingües. Este libro ofrece una interpretación práctica del aprendizaje estratégico, a la vez que proporciona recursos a los lectores. Este libro se escribió porque considero que los educadores deben estar informados sobre la naturaleza del lenguaje, su papel en el aprendizaje, los tipos de conocimiento involucrados en la escucha, la expresión oral, la lectura y la escritura, y las estrategias que estos tipos de conocimiento requieren; precisamente el núcleo de este libro. Esta publicación también espera ser útil para el profesorado de todas las áreas temáticas y busca tender un puente entre la enseñanza de L1 y L2. El autor se complace y agradece la nominación de este libro al "Premio Macmillan de Educación a la Escritura Innovadora" de ELTons en el Reino Unido. (Ver Apéndice 1). La tesis central de esta publicación prioriza el aprendizaje estratégico en los currículos escolares. Los programas de estudio lingüísticos o temáticos presentan serias limitaciones para ayudar a los estudiantes a construir el lenguaje o a construir con el lenguaje, e incluso presentan dificultades para comprender el funcionamiento del lenguaje. Este trabajo se basa en el potencial de las estrategias de aprendizaje, tal como se inició en mi estudio previo (Castillo, 1991), y lo profundiza. El concepto de «aprendizaje estratégico» (también conocido como conocimiento estratégico) está vinculado al movimiento «aprender a aprender» o «estrategopedia», que proporciona una base para que los alumnos establezcan metas, asuman un rol activo, planifiquen sus procesos de aprendizaje y participen en la evaluación de su progreso. También proporciona un medio para que los docentes evolucionen desde una perspectiva del lenguaje como proceso a una perspectiva del lenguaje como cognición y, en última instancia, como forma de expresión sociocultural. Todo alumno tiene el potencial de alcanzar el éxito mediante la aplicación del conocimiento estratégico (Castillo, 2004). La gestión de contenidos, tareas y estrategias estaría más en línea con la formación de aprendices independientes, autónomos y críticos. El conocimiento estratégico es importante para el desarrollo académico a largo plazo. O’Malley y Chamot (1990) propusieron estrategias cognitivas, metacognitivas y cognitivas para abordar el aprendizaje de una segunda lengua (L2). Argumentan que la competencia comunicativa, entre otras competencias, puede facilitarse cuando los alumnos logran integrar estrategias en su práctica diaria y recurren constantemente a ellas para resolver problemas. La implementación de este enfoque podría empoderar a los docentes en la toma de decisiones sobre cómo usar el lenguaje para el aprendizaje. Este libro ofrece componentes para un programa de desarrollo lingüístico escolar, que puede ajustarse a los objetivos personales actuales o a la planificación del curso. Sin embargo, debe tener en cuenta que el aprendizaje no es un acto aislado o individual, sino un acto social. Los estudiantes aprenden con otros y de otros, y por lo tanto La enseñanza exige más que habilidades, técnicas o estrategias: exige que los docentes estructuren la instrucción para que la interacción social se produzca y se desarrolle. La interacción social también es necesaria entre los docentes para transformar los currículos, los programas de estudio y, en última instancia, la propia escuela. Los seis capítulos del libro ofrecen una justificación para incorporar el aprendizaje estratégico en un programa. El primer capítulo presenta las teorías más influyentes que lo sustentan. Los capítulos siguientes abordan su papel en la lectura, la comprensión auditiva, la expresión oral y la escritura. El análisis se ilustra con ejemplos del uso de estrategias dentro y fuera del aula. Cada capítulo concluye con implicaciones para la enseñanza y el diseño del programa de estudios. La lectura y la comprensión auditiva aparecen en primer lugar, ya que constituyen la base para la adquisición del lenguaje y parecen desarrollarse más rápido que la escritura y el habla. La enseñanza y el aprendizaje estratégico de otro idioma. Este libro tiene dos propósitos. Primero, contribuye a la formación continua de los docentes de idiomas al intentar tender un puente entre las prácticas educativas iniciales y las que los docentes en ejercicio desarrollan continuamente. Segundo, anima a docentes y estudiantes a reflexionar sobre lo que hacen en clase. Puede que algunas ideas te resulten inspiradoras y algunas estrategias novedosas. Te animo a que no esperes demasiado para intentar perfeccionarlas y luego las compartas con tus colegas.
dc.description.cityBogotá
dc.format.mimetypepdf
dc.identifier.editorialUniversidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Doctorado Interinstitucional en Educación
dc.identifier.isbn978-958-8832-71-5
dc.identifier.isbn978-958-8832-72-2
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/96047
dc.publisherUniversidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
dc.relation.ispartofseriesTemas
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dc.rights.accesoAbierto (Texto Completo)
dc.rights.accessrightsOpenAccess
dc.subjectAprendizaje de la lengua
dc.subjectAprendizaje autónomo
dc.subjectEstrategias de aprendizaje
dc.subjectResolución de problemas
dc.subject.keywordLanguage acquisition
dc.subject.keywordIndependent learning
dc.subject.keywordLearning strategies
dc.subject.keywordProblem-solving
dc.subject.lembInglés -- Enseñanza -- Método bilingüe
dc.subject.lembCondicionamiento autónomo
dc.subject.lembMétodos de estudio
dc.subject.lembResolución de problemas -- Educación
dc.titleTeaching and learning another language strategically
dc.title.titleenglishLa enseñanza y el aprendizaje estratégico de otro idioma
dc.typebook

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