Procesos de distribución y especiación en el género Lymanopoda (Westwood, 1851) en Colombia. ¿Efectos de la evolución geomórfica postglacial?

Abstract

Lymanopoda is a genus of butterflies belonging to the Nymphalidae family (Westwood, 1851), typical of high Andean ecosystems and paramos, they are mainly hosted by plants of the genus Chusquea spp during their larval stage. It currently has 66 described species, of which 31 are found in Colombia. The objective of this research is to expand the knowledge that we have about this genus, understanding how its distribution patterns have been during the interglacial period of the Pleistocene and today, and what factors may have influenced its speciation. methodology where initially the phylogenetic relationships of twenty (20) species that are distributed in the country were established using the molecular marker cytochrome oxidase I (COI), thus obtaining the evolutionary relationships between the species using the maximum likelihood analysis to obtain a phylogenetic tree consensus, the potential distribution of the species of the genus Lymanopoda was then modeled using a maximum entropy algorithm, choosing those that met the conditions of having genetic sequences, and georeferenced data, were modeled both for the present time and for the interglacial period available in Worldclim (110,000-14 0.000 years) that is projected at the highest resolution available within the platform, finally finding that the geographical distribution of the species in the past has a tendency to be more reduced or absent with respect to today, showing, for example, how species L . lecromi, L. obsoleta, L. labda, L.melia are totally absent in this period, indicating that the glacial and inter-glacial processes of the Pleistocene could have caused a radiation process in the species, taking into account the theory of climatic shelters and allopatric speciation processes by dispersion.