Enfoque de enseñanza de los métodos de aproximación Teoría Hartree y Teoría Hartree-Fock para el estudio de átomos multielectrónicos en mecánica cuántica

Abstract

The study of multielectronic atoms represents a fundamental challenge in quantum mechanics due to the complex electron–electron interactions that prevent exact solutions to the Schrödinger equation. To address this difficulty, the Hartree and Hartree–Fock approximation methods have become essential tools for describing electronic structure, integrating concepts such as the self-consistent field, the Pauli exclusion principle, and the use of Slater determinants. This work aims to develop a pedagogical approach for teaching these methods, articulating didactic strategies that help overcome mathematical abstraction and connect theory with applied examples in the study of multielectronic atoms. The implemented methodology comprises four phases: an extensive bibliographic review that builds the theoretical framework; the progressive conceptual development of the Hartree and Hartree–Fock theories; the implementation of active strategies, such as case studies, to strengthen practical understanding; and finally, the design of a computational educational interface intended to facilitate the interactive visualization of key concepts—without addressing its implementation. The results highlight the relevance of a pedagogical framework that links theory and practice, promoting more meaningful learning of advanced quantum topics. The conclusions emphasize that the integration of computational resources and teacher-centered approaches, such as the TICP approach, enhances the understanding of atomic structure and fosters innovation in the teaching of quantum physics.