Mecanismos de gestión ambiental para la conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos del bosque Altoandino Colombiano
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In Colombia, the forests with the greatest pressure for colonization, and with the highest rates of deforestation are those existing in mountain and high mountain ecosystems, which have undergone major transformations in the last two centuries, reaching levels of transformation that have passed from 70 to 93% as a result of the increase in population density by forming new human settlements, consumption of firewood, expansion of the agricultural frontier, among others, which has led to the loss and reduction of vegetation cover, changes in distribution patterns of species, alteration of the structure and functionality of the ecosystem. Currently, there are few studies that involve the recognition of ecosystem services under an institutional approach, or as a useful tool for decision-making on the conservation of these forests, despite the fact that they increasingly present a greater intervention and degradation of natural resources; Therefore, the present investigation revolved around the formulation of effective Environmental Management Mechanisms for the conservation of the ecosystem services of the Colombian high Andean forest in a medium-term horizon (ten years), under a framework of structuralist analysis from of the development of three methodological phases. In the first phase, a systematic review of 52 documents was carried out to know the general analysis of ecosystem services in Colombian forests, and later a second review of 44 documents was carried out, in order to identify the main ecosystem services derived from Colombian high Andean forests and preliminarily determine incident factors in the generation / degradation of ecosystem services. In the second phase, the incident factors in the generation / degradation of ecosystem services in high Andean forests were analyzed, for which a direct influence matrix was built, in order to determine which of these factors mainly affect human well-being. . Causal relationships were established in order to determine incident variables in the conservation of ecosystem services. Subsequently, it was identified and prioritized from the established variables, those key to the conservation of the ecosystem services of the high Andean forests, using the MIC-MAC software Matrix of Crossed Impacts Multiplication Applied to a Classification, to relate the incident factors of greater influence and dependence. A modeling exercise with MIC-MAC was carried out to represent the reality of the relationships that occur between the different incident factors identified, and direct and indirect influence plans were constructed to identify the relationships between the variables. In the third phase, the key variables were established, the hypotheses of their potential future changes were defined, and based on them and the SMIC PROB EXPERT software, the construction of possible future scenarios that could be materialized for effective environmental management that would bring together the interests of society. with the possible deployment of institutional capacities for its materialization. Finally, the development of the three methodological phases, allowed to build the proposal of effective mechanisms of environmental management for the conservation of the ecosystem services of the high Andean forests in Colombia, which provide guidance on the strategies to be committed, the objectives to be implemented, and the Goals to be achieved for an effective environmental management of the high Andean forest that allows reaching the scenario bet for its conservation and the perpetuation of the related SSEE of the same in a horizon of ten years.