Conceptos y aplicación de metodologías de la evaluación integral del riesgo (RA) para nanomateriales manofacturados

Abstract

Importance: the production of nMs worldwide has caused great uncertainty about the adverse effects they can have on human health and the environment. In this way, and in view of the numerous applications, control bodies in conjunction with the scientific community questioned the methodologies for assessing the toxicity of nMs since it has been established that they can easily enter the body and cross biological barriers such as the cell membrane, interacting with target organs and biological systems. For this reason, several investigations have been developed to determine the risk represented by the production and use of nMs. General objective: To establish the relevant aspects of the Risk Assessment (RA) applied to nanomaterials in order to present the variables that allow predicting the risk associated with the use of these nanocompounds. Methodology: Descriptive review in which the characteristics, results and advances of the studies that have been carried out and which are currently being developed on the risk of nMs between the years 1990-2017 are related, taking into account various recognized sources of information, exclusion and inclusion criteria and different variables of relevance in this type of studies. Results: Numerous agreements have been made in the production of risk assessment methodologies at nMs, it was found that when comparing the 8 guides and methods taken as object of study in the present work, the two best methods are SN 1.0, being the only method in taking most of the variables present in the risk assessment of nanomaterials (Source of emission, transmission, inmission and other factors) The software SN 1.0 is a good approximation to the risk assessment for exposure to insoluble nMs. for the other nMs the CB methodology would be recommended. the Swiss caution matrix for being the method that best integrates the evolution of the physicochemical properties of the nMs to assess the danger (Nano-relevance, life cycle and potential effect). Conclusions In the development of the work it was evidenced that the methods and guides for the evaluation of the risk caused by nanomaterials (RA-nMs) more important for the scientific community were developed between the years 2007 and 2017. It was found that all the methods and guides studied present serious gaps in information regarding the study of the biokinetics of nMs in the human being / environment and that the final recommendations granted for each of the risk categories do not provide effective action plans for the worker or researcher. It is necessary to initiate a control over the products that are composed of nPs of TiO2 and nPs of SWNCT, since many of the adverse effects that these products can cause to humans and the environment are unknown. The review also revealed the lack of studies on emissions, the final disposal of waste, and many of the relevant physicochemical properties to determine the risk of nMs, so it is necessary to continue investigating the treatment and production of these nMs.