Anomalías ionosféricas locales previa ocurrencia de los eventos sísmicos La Vega, 2012 y Meseta de Los Santos, 2015

Abstract

Seismic cataclysms have meant throughout the history of the world innumerable human, economic losses, opening up of large social gaps, among other problems of all kinds, for which humanity has had to reinvent itself in order to overcome this kind of adversities that could affect us again and at any time without social hierarchical order, race, religion among many aspects inherent to the societies that inhabit the planet. However, even with the possibility of predicting the occurrence of an earthquake is not eliminated totally the risk of losses in any sense, nevertheless the scientific community is faced with a great challenge on which he must future prediction of this type of events. Therefore, it is necessary to search new paths in the conquest of this challenge since the planet earth does not act independently, on the contrary, it corresponds to an amalgam of complex components that result in a great system and that in turn interacts constantly and uninterruptedly with outer space. But beyond achieving the utopian raised must draw a long road of investigation geophysics of the upper atmosphere that allows to reveal behaviors and phenomena occurring in days prior to the occurrence of seismic this form of face to the future to partially avoid and to the extent possible the minor ones affectations. Therefore, this research is developed in an experimental and on case studies with occurrence in Colombia in the second decade of the 21st century. It should be noted that the records associated with the level of ionization in the high atmosphere can be estimated through the delays evidenced in the signal GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System); so many ionospheric studies develops 1. PRELIMINARY 3 two over time and mainly in high latitudes show that from one or the other form is segmented the information from which they come, mainly being analyzed the set of measurements associated with each satellite regardless of their similar, given by the very condition of the system which in a specific observation period contains heterogeneous measures, ie for a time t0 are in the sphere of observing nth satellites emitting this signal and being received on land. Then, we try to avoid the loss and / or segmentation of such information and homogenize it through the Wavelet Transform which, in addition to its characteristics, is in the ability to eliminate signal noise partially or totally at best of the cases, thus enabling the construction of rigorous analyzes. Not less important, this same mathematical tool highlights those unexpected fluctuations that can present the ionosphere and that reflect those anomalies that later are translated into predictive elements associated with the occurrence of telluric movements. From the heterogeneity of the ionospheric measurement mentioned above, coordinates of each measured value; given this, it transcends the possibility of constructing spatial interpolation maps in order to observe the ionospheric behavior and to demonstrate the seismogenic phenomena that take place on the areas of telluric occurrence. Therefore, this thesis has been structured as follows: Chapter 2 corresponds to a description of the Earth's atmosphere, its composition, factors that ionize the high atmosphere, for assuming those that cause the variability of the same and that affect the signal GNSS causing delays mentioned, these being those that allow to calculate the measure ionospheric TEC (Total Electron Content). It should be noted that the objectives pursued in this research aspects such as the GNSS system are not developed in depth, only the theoretical basis for the determination of TEC and VTEC (Total Vertical Electrons Content) by means of satellite information. Chapter 3 is aimed at showing the advantages of using the Wavelet transform versus other mathematical analysis tools such as Fourier transform. In the same sense, denote the characteristics of the Trasformada against data of this type. Subsequently, in chapter 4 the cases are described of developed studies, satellite information associated with them and the software on which routines for information processing were developed and implemented. In chapters 5 and 6 of this thesis, the results are presented and, consequently, the analysis of the same, under the first of segmenting them according to the cases study. Finally, recommendations and future research are presented. and strengthen this field of investigation still incipient.