Análisis de informes epidemiológicos de la leptospirosis en Colombia durante el periodo de tiempo del 2010 al 2019

Abstract

In Colombia, the National Institute of Health (INS) produces annual publications of epidemiological reports, the purpose of which is to disseminate investigative work that contributes to broadening knowledge about the epidemiology and public health of the country; This bibliographic analysis is aimed at determining qualitative variables such as: climatic conditions, specific places where the disease occurs, influencing socioeconomic and environmental conditions; and qualitative variables such as: changes in the prevalence and occurrence rates of the cases. Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that generates a great public health problem worldwide, it is produced by the bacterium of the genus Leptospira, which arises in seasonal epidemiological outbreaks affecting both animals and humans, especially in humid tropical and subtropical areas. , attributing the problem to climatic and environmental conditions, especially in areas with poor sanitary and housing conditions. This disease is of great importance in Colombia since it is considered endemic; epidemiological conditions and characteristics are largely related to climatic changes and environmental factors; having a greater incidence in the rainy season or flood regions; it is estimated that 1 million cases occur annually worldwide, including almost 60,000 deaths. It is there that it is necessary to maintain a surveillance system that allows knowing the circulation of Leptospirosis and generating the necessary measures to prevent and control its spread (PAHO, 2003; INS, 2017). Humans can contract the disease by coming into contact with the urine of infected animals. The bacteria can survive for weeks to months in water and soil contaminated with urine; That is why it is linked to living conditions (poverty, work activities, recreational activities, etc.). The most evolved species are rodents; which serve as a reservoir (healthy carriers), storing the bacteria in the kidneys and later spreading in your urine. (BES, 2020; ABC, 2019). According to PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) “The number of human cases that occur worldwide is not precisely known. According to available reports, the annual incidence varies within a range from approximately 0.1-1 per 100,000 in temperate climates to 10-100 per 100,000 in humid tropical climates. When outbreaks occur; especially, in groups at high risk of exposure, the incidence of the disease can reach more than 100 per 100,000” (PAHO, 2003). In Colombia, the cases registered in the National Institute of Health for epidemiological period VII. Colombia 2020; there were 1094 cases; with an increase compared to the previous year of 3.20%, 34 more cases (INS, 2020).