Modelo de unidades operativas para analizar la accesibilidad territorial en zonas de conflicto: el caso de San Jacinto, Bolívar

Abstract

The armed conflict has affected the territorial development of the municipality of San Jacinto, Bolívar. Security restrictions, lack of road infrastructure, environmental conditions, topography, and social situations have limited accessibility and planning in the municipality. These conditions have generated inequalities in access to goods and services, which has hindered the processes of organization and use of the territory. To address these issues, a territorial analysis model was developed based on operational units that evaluate geographical accessibility by integrating physical, social, environmental, and security variables in a Geographic Information Systems environment. Multi-criteria analysis techniques were used to construct the model, which involved assigning weights to each variable, taking into account its influence on accessibility to the territory, and processing this data using raster analysis, which allowed for a spatial representation of the information. During the development of the project, various challenges were identified related to the availability, updating, and timeliness of data, mainly in the security layers and the rural property structure layer of the municipality. However, the results obtained made it possible to generate a map of operational units, classifying the territory according to the level of difficulty of access, showing that the greatest restrictions are concentrated in areas with unstable security conditions, areas with steep topography, and low road density. The results obtained confirm the usefulness of multi criteria analysis as a tool for territorial management in post-conflict areas, as it serves as a technical input for the formulation of public policies based on prioritizing investments or areas of intervention.