Estudio de los compuestos responsables de la actividad colorante de especies de uso tradicional por las comunidades indígenas colombianas

Abstract

In the present research, the results obtained in the study of the secondary metabolites responsible for the dyeing property of the species called; "Trompeto"; (Bocconia frutescens), used by the Ika community, obtaining from the bark of this species, a yellow dye used for the dyeing of natural fibers; "dinde"; (Maclura tinctoria) whose wood is used by the Ika community to dye yellow; "Nogal"; (Juglans neotrópica), its fruits are used by the Pasto community to obtain a brown dye; "Insulina"; (Justicia secunda Vahl), leaves, used by the Zenú community, for a reddish dyeing of natural fibers and "rebulnium"; (Galium canescens) found in textiles from the Nariño region. In order to identify the compounds associated with the dyeing properties of the species and their affinity with natural fibers (cotton), the secondary metabolites of bark, roots, fruits and leaves were obtained by extracting the dye in an aqueous medium and then dyeing. In the preliminary phytochemical studies it is found that the bark of Bocconia frutescens contains alkaloids, flavonoids, naftoquinones and anthraquinones, saponins, triterpenes, coumarins and cardiotonic glucosides, in fruits of Juglans neotropics, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, naftoquinones and anthraquinones, coumarins, sesquiterpenlactones and cardiotonic glucosides are reported; flavonoids, tannins, naphtha/anthraquinones, coumarins, sesquiterpenlactones and cardiotonic glycosides are reported in the bark of the species Maclura tinctoria; in Galium canescens roots positive tests were found for naphtha/anthraquinones and cardiotonic glycosides, especially because previous studies have reported anthraquinones such as purpurine, lucidine, xantopurpurine, pseudopurpurine , alizarin and munjistine responsible for red coloration; in the leaves of Justicia Secunda Vahl were found alkaloids, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins, tannins, naphto/anthraquinones, triterpenes, steroids, coumarins, sesquiterpenlactones and cardiotonic glucosides. For the dyeing of the fiber, 100% cotton fabric was used with density (threads/inch) = 31 warp and 27 weft, 17 cm* 17 cm in dimension, using aqueous extract of the species on the previously stripped cotton samples; varying some conditions during the process, such as the use of mordant and dyeing temperature. In the quantification of total polyphenols of the species, the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used due to its sensitivity range in the detection of phenolic compounds, the highest amount of polyphenols was confirmed for the species Maclura tinctoria with a concentration of 65,3 mg Galic acid/g dry extract, Neotropic jungle with a concentration of 48. 0 mg Galic acid/g dry extract, followed by the species Justicia secunda with a concentration of 20, 6 mg Galic acid/g dry extract and Galium canescens with a concentration of 12, mg Galic acid/g dry extract. The species Bocconia frutescens does not have phenolic compounds registered in the literature. In the identification of the molecules responsible for the dyeing property, the HPLC-DAD instrumental technique was used, comparing the dye solution and the dye extracted from the dyed tissue. In the species Justicia secunda, a group of anthocyanins and possible luteolin derivatives were identified as molecules responsible for the dyeing property in the solution and in the dyed tissue. In Bocconia Frutescens the presence of alkaloidal molecules was verified such as: sanguinarina, queleritrina and a compound unknown as responsible for the dyeing property in the dyed tissue, in the dyeing solution a possible derivative of apigenina was identified and the previous compounds mentioned as responsible for the dyeing property. In the species Maclura tinctoria the compounds Maclurina, morina, Kaempferol were identified as responsible for the dyeing activity in the dye solution, in the dyed tissue the previous compounds were identified as well as a possible flavonoid. In Neotropic Junglas, ellagic acid and juglone were determined to be responsible for the dyeing property in the dye solution in the dyed tissue only the presence of ellagic acid was identified to be responsible for the coloration in the cotton tissue. In Galium canescens, anthraquinone-type molecules such as: alizarin, purpurine, lucidine, xantopurpurine, pseudopurpurine, and RT27 were identified as responsible for the dyeing property in the dye solution and dyed tissue.