Evaluación del hidrógeno verde como alternativa a los combustibles fósiles usados en la matriz del transporte de carga

Abstract

This thesis project focuses on evaluating green hydrogen as a viable alternative to fossil fuels in Colombia's freight transport energy matrix, aiming to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. In the context of a global energy transition, green hydrogen emerges as a clean energy source produced through water electrolysis using renewable energy, which generates hydrogen without carbon emissions. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the green hydrogen energy chain, from production to its application in the heavy transport sector.

The project begins with an assessment of the current energy demand in Colombia's freight transport sector, which primarily relies on diesel, gasoline, and natural gas. By employing time series analysis and future consumption projections, the study characterizes historical consumption and estimates demand for the period 2022-2024, considering socio-economic and technological factors.

To assess the impact of replacing these fossil fuels, the study models the hydrogen consumption needed to meet energy demand, comparing the efficiency differences between hydrogen fuel cells and internal combustion engines. To determine the required infrastructure, the project also evaluates Colombia's solar and wind generation capacity and its feasibility for large-scale green hydrogen production.

Finally, the study quantifies the potential reduction in CO$_2$ emissions by comparing current emissions from fossil fuels in freight transport with projected zero-emission hydrogen use. The findings provide a framework for sustainable energy policies and propose strategies for a transition to low-emission transport models, positioning Colombia within a global context of energy sustainability and climate responsibility.