Maestría en Manejo, Uso y Conservación del Bosque

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/11349/23

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Determinación de la capacidad bioremediadora de las especies Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers Y Verbesina crassiramea S.F. Blake sobre suelos contaminados con arsénico
Cepeda Hernández, Ingrid Katherine; Echavarria Pedraza, Monika Cristina
Arsenic (As) is a pollutant that is released naturally and can generate alterations to the environment and health; hence, it is considered to use the bioremediation technique as a solution. The objective of this research is to determine the bioremediation capacity of two species from Asteraceae family on arsenic contaminated soils. The species were sown in commercial soil with the required nutrients for survival and adapted to greenhouse conditions. The experiment consisted of adding arsenic in concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 10 ppm to three groups of ten individuals, and a control group without arsenic. The analysis of the individuals was carried out weekly for 9 weeks, the Chlorophyll Concentration Index (CCI) was determined, as well as growth variables of root, stem and number of leaves. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of arsenic in the soil, root, stem and leaves of all individuals in each group was analyzed. The results showed that Baccharis latifolia and Verbesina crassirame had characteristics of arsenic absorption and inhibition. The analysis of variance of the CCI with respect to the arsenic treatments, showed a slight variation for the two species in the last weeks of the experimentation, as well as the growth variance analysis indicated that some changes occur especially in the root. Finally, in terms of removal, it was identified that only the species B. latifolia has characteristics to accumulate heavy metals in its different organs. It can be concluded that the two species are suitable to recover areas that present arsenic concentrations, fulfilling different functions.
Modelo espacialmente explícito de la transición bosque-páramo en Colombia
Agudelo Rico, Catherine; Sarmiento Pinzón, Carlos Enrique
A logistic regression model was built using topographical and climatic variables, derived from a digital elevation model, to explain paramo- forest transition. The model shows that after temperature, which can explain about 80% of transition cover, precipitation has the next strongest effect, followed by eastness (western slopes had forest to higher altitudes). Application of the model in five paramo districts in Colombia showed that the real transition was similar than the predicted transition.
Biología Reproductiva De Una Población Espeletia Curialensis Var Exigua Rodr-Cabeza & S Díaz, (Cordillera Oriental, Colombia)
Velasco Salcedo, Verónica María; Jácome Reyes, Jorge Hernán
Espeletia curialensis var. exigua Rodr.-Cabeza & S. Díaz , is an endemic species of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Its restricted distribution, the presence of very isolated and dispersed populations and the decrease in reproduction rates recorded in the monitoring during the last 10 years, increases the importance of knowing its state of conservation through the characterization of its reproductive biology. For this reason, the formation and maturation of capitula between june of 2015 and january 2016 were followed up on 19 individuals of three height classes with evidence of previous blooms. Mature seeds were taken at three different dates, for each one of the three classes of height of the individuals; and afterwards, they were subjected to germination and viability tests. It was possible to describe the complete reproductive process of the population during the 7 months they were inspected, from the registration of flower buds to seed dispersal. The production of chapters does differ between evaluated height classes; the highest reproductive contribution is generated by the lowest height class. Feasibility tests can only be applied to seeds collected in November, which show less than 5% of achene with developed embryos. A viability of 65% was obtained for the middle height class and 100% for the low height class and a null seed germination capacity for the three height classes evaluated. These results allow inferring that the reproductive capacity of the species is really low, condition that limits the population expansion of the species in situ
Potencial de regeneración del bosque seco tropical a lo largo de un gradiente sucesional en el Valle del Río Magdalena
García Villalobos, Daniel Hernán; Norden Medina, Natalia; Avella Muñoz, Edgar Andrés
Regeneration potential largely depends on the successional path of a forest, as seedlings from secondary forests are expected to converge floristically with adults from mature forests. Evaluating regeneration in tropical dry forests is particularly important since it is an ecosystem with multiple successional barriers resulting from climate seasonality; additionally, more than 50% of dry forest current coverage is secondary forests in different stages of succession. In this work we evaluated the regeneration potential of dry forest in the Magdalena river valley (Tolima, Colombia) by establishing twelve 0.1-ha plots in three locations with four plots differing in successional status per site (initial, early, intermediate, and late succession). In each plot, trees with DBH> 2.5 were marked and measured, as well as seedlings with height <1 m in 24 subplots of 1 m2. We found that the regeneration process is influenced mostly by site variability. There were also significant differences in the floristic composition between some of the successional states, but succession did not show a directional path. Moreover, the spare capacity is low and did not show a gradual increase with the succession step. Regeneration was dominated by few species, representative of early successional stages. In contrast, mature forests were dominated by more species typical of advanced successional stages. Although dominance in adults varied in composition, the number of species remained stable. Integrating the regeneration capacity of secondary forests and ecological restoration practices is crucial for recognizing successional stages and limitations to succession in order to prioritize resource investment and strengthen dry forest ecosystems management.
Un modelo basado en sensores remotos e inteligencia artificial para la estimación de la degradación del bosque
Unriza Vargas, Jaime Andrés; Rodríguez Albarracín, Heidy Soledad; Rodríguez
Forest degradation and deforestation are environmental problems that diminish the provision of ecosystem services. A possible solution for the identification and monitoring of these problems are monitoring systems based on remote sensing; information from active and passive satellites offers a great deal of useful information. Despite this, there is a limitation in tropical areas due to the high presence of clouds throughout the year, which consequently limits the amount of information. Thus, this study proposes a model that makes use of remote sensing and artificial intelligence for the identification of forest degradation with limited information using NDVI, its variation between time windows in the period 1990 - 2019 and machine learning tools. This study was developed in tropical rainforest in the municipality of Mapiripán (Meta, Colombia), an area where problems of illicit crops and deforestation have been identified. To address this problem, a model was proposed based on geographic information systems for the identification of degradation related to deforestation. When comparing 7 machine learning algorithms, it was found that the neural network algorithm of three hidden layers (model with the best performance, 75.25% accuracy) and the second model corresponds to the linear discriminant algorithm (73.25% accuracy) show better performance despite its limited information. Additionally, it was possible to identify that 60% of the deforested areas suffered some degree of intervention that led to deforestation, which could be avoided through a monitoring and early warning system.
Efecto del fuego sobre el reclutamiento de especies leñosas en un bosque seco de la cuenca alta del Río Magdalena.
Gutiérrez Rincón, Anghy Sthephany; Parrado Rosselli, Angela
Fire is a frequent and crucial disturbance in some dry ecosystems such as savannas and tropical dry forests (TDF) in Central and Latin America. However, little is known about the capacity of inter-Andean dry forests to recover after a fire. In this sense, we compare the composition and structure of sexual regeneration between burned and unburned sites and evaluate the rates of mortality, recruitment, and growth of woody tree species after a fire in a tropical dry forest of the upper basin of the Magdalena River in Colombia. We install 75 plots of 2x2m where we register and identify all woody individuals in burned, unburned and forest gaps sites. Every three months we recorded and measure the individuals found in 25 plots of burned sites. Results showed that species richness was lower in burned sites, but the number of individuals was significantly higher than in unburned areas. The mortality rate of the post-fire regenerated community was 0,91%, while the recruitment rate was greater (1.93%), which suggests a good post-fire establishment. In the burned sites, recruited species exhibited similar growth rates. Based on the natural regeneration index (TNR) and abundance, species were classified as sexual regeneration fire tolerant-species (e.g. Astronium graveolens, Eugenia procera and Swartzia trianae); species with sexual regeneration fire-stimulated (e.g. Casearia corymbosa, Cordia alliodora and Machaerium capote) and species with sexual regeneration fire-sensitive (e.g. Posoqueria sp., Guarea guidonia, and Piptadenia sp.). Our results suggest that some inter-Andean TDF tree species can survive and regenerate after fire, and therefore they should be considered in restoration programs, in light of more intense and frequent forest fires due to climate change and anthropic intervention.
Evaluación de la trayectoria de la restauración a través de las aves: análisis de la recuperación de la composición y las interacciones en un bosque andino
Ramirez Castro, Astrid Viviana; Parrado Rosselli, Ángela
In the tropics, ecological restoration has increased considerably in the last 20 years and has been considered a fundamental activity to reverse the degradation of ecosystems (Meli, 2003; Vargas, 2011). In spite of the amount of existing restoration projects, there are few who after their implementation carry out monitoring (Murcia & Guariguata, 2014). Andean forests, due to their high degree of loss of coverage and fragmentation, have recently been subject to ecological restoration processes (Castaño, 2010).In Colombia, several restoration projects have been developed, both in wetlands and in forests, as an attempt to recover ecosystems degraded by urban expansion and land use changes (Castaño, 2010; Rojas, 2017; Vargas, 2011). One of these experiences occurred in the La Poma Ecological Park, a reserve belonging to the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá and which is one of the first sites in Colombia where work has been done to recover the Andean forest (Castillo, 2006). In this Ecological Park, the Corporate Environmental Corporation that depends on the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá has been developing a restoration process for 22 years through the green leaves project that is still in operation. However, there has been no follow-up on the extent to which the composition and function of this ecosystem have been recovered.Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate, through the birds, the trajectory of the restoration of a dry pre-Andean Andean forest in the La Poma Ecological Park. Thus, the first chapter presents how, 22 years after the restoration process, the bird community has recovered in terms of composition. For this, the bird community, abundance and wealth were characterized, as well as the trophic groups present in the two forests. In the second chapter, forest recovery was evaluated based on the potential reestablishment of seed dispersal interactions, which was carried out based on the comparison of the potential interactions established only by fruit birds and ornithographic plants, from the mutual networks approach, and the differences between these networks between the restored forest and the reference forest were analyzed. These two chapters allowed us to have a more comprehensive view of birds as indicators of the recovery of a dry Andean forest after a restoration process and the limitations or not of assessing from just one attribute of biodiversity (composition, structure or function) such recovery.
Patrones de distribución de raíces finas en plantaciones forestales de Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell., sometidos a distintos esquemas de fertilización con potasio, calcio y fósforo en Puerto López (Meta).
Díaz López, Sandra Milena; Cadena Romero, Miguel Eugenio
In Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell plantation, fertilized with different doses of Cal dolomite (t / ha), Triple Superphosphate - SFT (Kg / ha) and Potassium Chloride - KCl (Kg / ha), located in the Colombian Orinoquía, zone of tropical climate, with a precipitation of monomodal regime, soils with very low potential fertility and high acidity. Cores, were installed, for evaluation of internal growth of superficial fine roots in 4 defined distances from the tree, in randomized complete block design 3x3x3 in the series modality of experiments at different sites and at the same time; with the purpose of knowing the incidence of fertilization in the distribution of roots. Samples were collected every three months for a year. Diameter (mm), length (m) and root surface area (cm2) were determined using the Winrizho software, these variables were analyzed together with physical properties of the soil. The action of the three fertilizers is essential to stimulate the development of fine roots, third degree interaction occurs, indicating the mutual dependence of the sampling site with the application of Cal, SFT and KCl. The length and surface, with respect to the effect of the locations from the tree was significant for the nearest cores (37.5 cm). The treatments with greater root development are found in areas of low and medium penetration resistance between 12.18 - 12.68 kPa and low tangential resistance to cutting between 54.4 - 55.6 kPa. The dose and form of application of fertilizers affect the distribution of the roots, however, they fail to overcome the physical limitations imposed by the soil. Greater root concentration is confirmed with high doses of SFT and the tendency of species that grow in soil with thick textures to have more lateral roots that seek to explore larger volumes of soil.
Estudio comparativo de la diversidad liquenica y su distribución vertical en Quercus Humboldtii Bonpl Y Pinus Patula Schltdl & Cham
Simijaca Salcedo, Diego Fernando; Moncada Cárdenas, Lilia Bibiana; Lücking, Robert
Oak forests in Colombia have a wide altitudinal distribution and are recognized as important elements of the Andean forests for offering a wide variety of habitats for plants and animals. However, the establishment of forest plantations has led to the loss of 28550ha of native forests in the last 30 years. A situation that visibly affect the lichens. Therefore, we proposed to establish the impact of Pinus patula plantations on lichen flora, compared to the host role of Quercus humboldtii. In ROGITAMA´s reserve, four trees of each forophyte species were selected, which were vertically ascended to remove lichens from five previously delimited strata. The luminosity, roughness, pH and humidity of each vertical stratum were measured, an analyzed by ANOVA tables, multiple comparisons and non-metric multidimensional scaling. Reduction in frequency and diversity of the umbrophylous species, the presence of particular species and the prevalence of tolerant species, are impacts of the establishment of Pinus patula. The variations in the vertical stratification of the two forophyte species are described and in the oak a pattern of stratification is recognized in the richness. Cladonia ceratophylla, Herpothallon rubrocinctum, and Hypotrachyna costaricensis are generalist species. Two morphotypes of Astrothelium and one of Herpothallon are suggested as new species, the latter exclusives of oak. Oak stands out as an umbrella species, and the influence of humidity and roughness on the vertical distribution and preference of forophytes is recognized.
Sistema agroforestal alnus glutinosa - coffea arabiga, opción de sostenibilidad hídrica en la provincia del Tequendama
Aponte Pulido, Leonardo Alfredo; García Olmos, Carlos Francisco; 0000-0001-8546-4223; García Olmos, Carlos Francisco [0000-0001-8546-4223]; Aponte Pulido, Leonardo Alfredo [0009-0000-4265-6436]
Study of the agroforestry system of Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and Coffee (Coffea arabica) in Cundinamarca - Colombia, for water regulation. Total precipitation, internal precipitation, stemflow and runoff were measured over 10 months. Four replicates were used for plots with: coffee, coffee-alder, and managed pasture. Evapotranspiration was calculated. Basic statistics parameters, as well as Shapiro-Wilk and Monte Carlo tests with 1000 trials were employed. Results indicate that alder and coffee regulate 46%, while coffee alone 33% and pasture 21%. For the measured variables, alder and coffee had: internal precipitation 62.9%, stemflow 2.15%, interception 32%, runoff 52.4%, and infiltration 26.6%. Coffee had internal precipitation 70.7%, stemflow 1.6%, interception 27.7%, runoff 57.5%, and infiltration 11%. Finally, pasture had runoff 69.6% and infiltration 18.7%.
Estimación de las variables de árboles de riesgo en un modelo de valoración económica del arbolado urbano de Bogotá
Cubillos Leguizamo, Adriana; Villarraga Flórez, Liz Farleidy
It is pertinent to mention that at present governments, businesses and citizens increasingly recognize the value of the wide range of services that forest ecosystems produce. This awareness, has gone hand in hand with several natural losses that mean a burden to society, representing great costs in terms of loss of lives and money for example floods, fires, droughts, landslides and extreme storms, convergence in the costs of deforestation (Pagiola et al, 2003) In that sense, the importance of recognizing the presence of dangerous trees and taking appropriate corrective actions can avoid and prevent accidents and thus protect public and private property, infrastructure and save lives. The central point of the present research work is the economic value of urban woodland, including risk variables in a multiplicative model of replacement costs. Finally, it was determined that the most significant risk variables are Very inclined (Mi), mechanical damage (dm), ringing (an), excessive branching (exra), infrastructure damage (di), network interference (ir), excessive height (Ae) Danger of overturning (pv), which considerably reduce the value of an urban tree and should be considered when defining compensation, tariffs, etc. Likewise, highlights the need for analysis of local conditions and that are invited to use the results as a tool of judgment for environmental authorities and economic valuation of urban trees.
Efecto de factores antrópicos en la ocurrencia de incendios del bosque seco tropical de la cuenca alta del río Magdalena
Ramirez Gonzalez, Daniel Felipe; Parrado Rosselli, Angela; Díaz Timoté, Julian
Dry forests have historically been associated with the presence of fires, due to a high accumulation of biomass, climatic conditions and increasing anthropic pressure. Human communities associated with ecosystems / dry forests have generated an alteration in the fire regimes typical of these ecosystems, mainly caused by a higher population density and the expansion of agricultural and urban borders. In this sense, this research evaluates the effect of anthropic factors on the occurrence of fires in areas of the tropical dry forest of the upper Magdalena River basin, in two municipalities in which a very high frequency of fires has been registered for the period 2001 -2018. To this end, in the municipalities of Coello and Ortega, in the department of Tolima, 15 variables of anthropic origin potentially explanatory of fires were analyzed based on secondary and primary information. Subsequently, those variables that allowed it were spatialized through geographic information systems and were related to the number and location of fires, both at the municipality and village level, using a principal component analysis. The number of fires was obtained from the data of thermal anomalies captured by the MODIS sensor in its 6-MCD14DL collection from the Aqua and Terra satellites. Additionally, a spatially explicit model was carried out between the fire sources and the variables through a generalized logistic linear model (GLM). It was found that for the period 2001-2018 there were a total of 435 fires in the two municipalities. There was a high relationship between the number of fires with the number of inhabitants and the areas planted for temporary crops, no relationship was found with livestock activities. At the spatial level, although variations were found between municipalities, a high relationship was found between the sources of fire with the property area, the distance to infrastructures (i.e. population centers, electrical networks, roads) and agricultural production. This research shows the importance of working at the municipal level in risk management and land planning due to the differences between sites at the economic, social, cultural and development levels. Additionally, this study provides theoretical elements for those decision makers related to the use, management, conservation and restoration of the country's dry tropical forests.
Relación funcional asociada al transporte de polen por sírfidos en tres coberturas vegetales de Bogotá D.C.
Ángel Villarreal, Sergio Leonardo; Bogotá Ángel, Raul Giovanni
Sirfid flies are insects indispensable in various anthropogenic ecosystems due to their participation in different processes such as the organic matter cycle, biological control and pollination. Our objective was to evaluate the diversity of sirfid communities and their diet in function on three different land cover with urban influence. The syphilid communities based on coverage were evaluated using Hill diversity indices and Principal Component Analysis, while their diet was evaluated with bipartite network analysis. First, according to the ecological indexes, an association was found between the Discontinuous Urban Fabric with low diversity and high richness of sirfids in contrast to the Riparian Forest and the High Secondary Vegetation; secondly, according to the diet of these flies, two functional groups of insects were identified in which the large ones and a diverse diet of trees stand out, and on the other hand those of small size with a low diversity diet associated with pollen from herbaceous and shrubby plants. It was found that the sirfids had patterns in their diversity, abundance, wealth and diet similar to other non-tropical ecosystems, where the presence of open spaces and a developed forest associated with pollen sources are determinants for their abundance and diversity respectively.
Efecto de la intensidad del uso del bosque altoandino en el ensamblaje de orquídeas epífitas
Hernández Rodríguez, David Esteban; López Camacho, René; López Camacho, René [0000-0003-2026-0371]
High Andean forests have experienced a significant reduction in their natural areas, with a considerable portion of the remaining forests being degraded or undergoing different successional processes. While transformed forests play a vital role in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, their contribution to the preservation of the epiphyte orchid assemblage (EOA), which represents one of the most biodiverse groups in these ecosystems, remains unclear. The EOA is highly sensitive to forest transformation as it heavily relies on the structural and micro-environmental conditions that constitute the vertical gradient of the forests. This study aimed to assess the impact of forest-use intensity on the taxonomic and functional diversity of the EOA, as well as its structure and the response of functional traits along the vertical gradient. Taxonomic diversity and assemblage structure were evaluated by adapting the sampling methodology for richness and abundance of vascular epiphytes (SVERA). Functional diversity was assessed using multi trait indices and the weighted mean of the community, considering leaf, stem, and root traits. Our findings revealed that the EOA in the degraded forest exhibited a structure and functional diversity similar to that of the mature forest, in contrast to the secondary forest, which displayed the most significant differences. This outcome can be attributed to the maintenance of a similar structure and vertical gradient among the forests, despite transformations occurring in the degraded forest. Notably, the presence of large remaining trees seems to be associated with this similarity. Consequently, degraded forests possess considerable value for the conservation of the EOA, and their management should prioritize the preservation of the remaining large trees. Overall, this study provides insights into the effects of forest-use intensity on the epiphyte orchid assemblage, shedding light on the potential conservation value of degraded forests. The findings emphasize the importance of incorporating the preservation of large trees into forest management strategies, contributing to the protection of biodiversity in the high Andean forests.
Determinación de cambios de distribución de especies por efectos del cambio climático en el Parque Municipal Natural Campo Alegre y Parque Regional Natural Ucumarí en Risaralda Colombia
Lara Ballesteros, Diana Carolina; Nieto Rodríguez, Víctor Manuel
Protected areas can be vulnerable to climate change, a problem that has concentrated most of the efforts for their protection worldwide. In this context, the present study determined whether the forests of Campo Alegre Natural Park and the natural regional park of Ucumarí in Risaralda-Colombia will retain their forest species indicative of possible climate change, since there is a great concern regarding displacement or Extinctions. For that purpose, 20 plots of 0.25 Ha were measured, distributed in the altitudinal gradient of 1700-3500 meters of altitude. The results are presented in two chapters; In the first one, the determination and characterization of the forest types were carried out, in which analyzes of structure, diversity, richness, climatic characterization and determination of indicator species were carried out, where three types of forests were statistically differentiable in composition and six indicator species Which presented the best fit to the CAO model. In the second chapter, we present the results of the modeling of the changes in its distribution in the event of a possible climatic change in the year 2050. In this model the restricted additive ordering technique (CAO) was used, with three models of the representative route RCP 2.6. It was established that the species Heliocarpus popayanensis will probably increase its abundance when there are temperature changes below 8.9 ° C (calculated average), otherwise it will happen for the species Aniba muca. Modeling predicts that protected areas will conserve species, but will lose key areas of current distribution; There will be observed migration phenomena towards the area of the Natural National Park of Los Nevados, with a clear reduction of the abundance of the indicative species in areas predicted in the current distribution and the gain of other suitable areas of greater elevations to the year 2050.
Propuesta para fortalecer la chagra andina desde el conocimiento ancestral: una contribución a la conservación del Bosque Alto Andino en el Resguardo de Males Municipio de Córdoba- Nariño 1990-2020
Gómez Cuarán, María Nelly; Moreno Aguilar, Ruth Miriam
The Chagra as an ecological and cultural system considered as a means of sustainability for indigenous peoples is subject to multiple tensions that have caused its tendency to disappear in recent years. The objective of this work is to show, in the context of the Males reservation, the relationship between deforestation processes of the high andean forest and the decline of the Chagra, in the last three decades between 1990 and 2020. For this purpose, secondary information was compiled and systematized, complemented with descriptive and ethnographic research, the life histories of the participants, social mapping and the application of the Corine land cover methodology. Among the main findings is that the decline of the Chagra is due to the differential but simultaneous concurrence of multiple factors, including the increase of roads and the consequent increase in population, with direct effects on deforestation, monocultures, as well as the absence of leadership of the maximum authority of the Resguardo, all of which has influenced the decline of the Chagra culture and contributed to the deforestation of the high andean forest.
Descripción del régimen de incendios del bosque seco tropical de la cuenca alta del Río Magdalena y su relación con la variación climática
Díaz Timoté, Jhonatan Julián; Parrado Rosselli, Ángela
Fire is a disturbance that has modeled the dynamics and diversity of many ecosystems over time. In ecosystems such as the Tropical Dry Forest (BS-T) of Alto Magdalena, a large number of forest fires have been reported, but their occurrence and dynamics are unknown over time. The objective of this work was to describe the fire regime of the BS-T, based on the annual and multiannual climatic variation of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and extreme events such as the El Niño phenomenon. First, the occurrence of fires in the dry forest cover was obtained between 2000 and 2017. This was done through the classification of annual forest maps with the use of Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images and overlapping with the thermal anomalies of the MODIS sensor for the same period. Second, the climatic variables precipitation, relative humidity and maximum temperature obtained from local stations were spatialized. These climatic variables were correlated with the number of fires and their temporal distribution. 424 fires were found, as well as two fire hotspots in the municipalities of Ortega and Coello, in the department of Tolima, with a frequency of up to 5 fires in 18 years. In terms of the relation of fires and climatic variables, the severity of the dry season measured as the accumulated rainfall was correlated with a high probability of occurrence of fires. Likewise, a relationship was found between the occurrence of fires and the El Niño phenomenon. From these results, the presence of fires in the BS-T and its strong relationship with the severity of the dry season and its distribution in the upper Basin are recognized in recent years, allowing detailed information on the threat and areas to prioritize in departmental and municipal risk management plans, as well as early warnings and fire risk management.
Los códigos de barra de ADN como herramienta en la identificación de las especies del género Micropholis (Griseb.) Pierre ((Sapotaceae)
Sánchez Callejas, Shirley Dayana; Cortés Ballén, Rocío; Richardson, James
The genus Micropholis (Sapotaceae) is diverse and ecologically important in lowland tropical wet neotropical forests. In general, species are difficult to identify in the absence of reproductive traits and in juvenile stages. As a result we may underestimate the biodiversity of the forests where these species grow that is an impediment to forest management and conservation decision making. Alternative techniques to identify species are based on molecular characters using DNA barcoding. This study assessed the ability of molecular markers ITS2, matK and rbcL in differentiating species of the genus Micropholis. Neighbor-Joining analysis, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference showed that ITS2 was the best marker for species identification with an efficiency of 70% in discriminating species, with sufficient interspecific and intraspecific divergence to identify 15 of the 20 species used in the analysis. The two additional chloroplast markers did not improve species determination. Thus, we propose ITS2 as a potential barcode marker for identifying species in Micropholis.
Respuesta de la vegetación leñosa del bosque seco tropical ante cambios en la frecuencia de incendios en la cuenca alta del río Magdalena
Herrera Motta, Camilo Andrés; Parrado Rosselli, Ángela
In Colombia, the last two decades, the dry forests of the upper Magdalena river basin have been influenced by fire through fires of variable frequency. However, the response of these forests to the current fire regime, and specifically the effect of fire frequency on vegetation, is unknown. The response in the biodiversity attributes (composition, structure and functional traits) of the woody vegetation of the bs-T of upper Magdalena to four different frequencies of fire was evaluated. According to the Díaz map (2019), four frequency categories were determined for the 2000-2018 period: a) Nil: 0 Fires, b) Low 1 Fire, c) Intermediate: 2 to 3 Fires and High: ≥ 4 Fires. Three 10x100 m (0.1ha) vegetation plots were established in forests, for each category of fire frequency, and species, diameter at breast height, and plant heights> 10 cm in diameter were recorded in them. The functional traits that were used to define the functional diversity measures were obtained through a bibliographic review and include: foliar phenology, ecological union, regrowth capacity, type of seed storage, type of seed dormancy, basic wood density and foliar area specific. Structural, rich-diversity and functional analyzes were carried out. Attributes between categories of fire frequency were contrasted by means of three procedures: analysis of variance, analysis of indicator species, and multivariate analysis (principal components and multidimensional non-metric scaling). The results indicated that the taxonomic composition changes in forests with different frequencies of fire, and the alpha diversity of species is greater in the low frequency category, in contrast to the null or high frequency. In structural and functional terms, more heterogeneous forests, larger plants, and greater variability of attributes and traits were found in forests with low fire frequency. On the other hand, the high category showed more structural heterogeneity and functional diversity than the null category, which could be related to the role of fire in the renovation of environments. Thus, the present investigation showed that the bs-T in Upper Magdalena subjected to a low frequency of fire present a better response in the attributes of biodiversity (composition, structure and function) and behave according to the hypothesis of intermediate disturbance. , since the diversity is lower in areas with absence and high number of fires (> 1 fire in 18 years). Although it cannot be said that dry forests are adapted to fire, historically the inter-Andean valleys have been influenced by it, and this relationship could be conferring a certain tolerance to low frequency fires as they can behave as a dynamic disturbance.
Una orientación para la gestión de los bosques en Colombia reconociendo su carácter de recurso de uso común
Franco Ortiz, María Fernanda; Moreno Gutiérrez, Jaime Alberto
The management of natural forests in Colombia is framed in normative frameworks from a governmental perspective, under the consideration that it is a property with command control actions for its administration, ignoring the territorial reality that looms over them, where the governance of environmental authorities is precarious because it is part of the executive without a police apparatus capable of making the tax measures, which results in that generally the operation is asymmetric in relation to the dynamics that are presented locally by part of the communities that interact with the forests. Based on a theoretical-conceptual sampling of case studies that showed different ways in which local communities relate to the forest and using the Ostrom Institutional Design Principles as a framework for analysis, the key factors for effective management of the forests were identified. These resources should be considered as Common Pool Resources to be applied to the Colombian case, in full correspondence with the constitutional precepts that govern the State. It was identified as the key factors for the effective management of the forest as RUC, the development of mechanisms for communities with institutions, which demarcate a path of sociocultural governance, organization, with legitimacy at all levels, based on rules emanating from the knowledge of the resources and the dialogue between actors about their relational daily life with the forest.

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